Anatomy Final

Sympathetic Nervous System=

"Fight or Flight"

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System prepare the body for?

stress and emergencies

What does the heart rate do in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

increases

What does the pupils do in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

dialate

What does the blood glucose do in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

increases

What does digestion do in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

decreases

Where does increase blood flow go to in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

skeletal muscles

Where does the sympathetic ganglia located?

along the spinal cord

parasympathetic nervous system=

"rest and digest"

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System return the body to?

normal after stress

What does the heart rate do in the parasympathetic Nervous System?

slows down

What does digestion do in the parasympathetic Nervous System?

increases

What does energy do in the parasympathetic Nervous System?

conserves

What does the parasympathetic Nervous System help restore?

homestasis

Where does the parasympathetic ganglia located?

near or within target organs

Major glands and hormones

Pituitary gland, adrenal gland, pancreas

Known as the "master gland"

Pituitary gland

What does the pituitary gland control?

many other endocrine glands

What does the adrenal gland release?

epinephrine (adrenaline)

What is the adrenal gland responsible for?

right or flight response

What does the pancreas produce?

insulin and glucagon

Lowers blood glucose

insulin

raises blood glucose

glucagon

Negative feedback is a controlled mechanism where:

the body shuts down hormone release once balance is restored

Example of negative feedback

High blood sugar → insulin released

Blood sugar returns to normal → insulin release decreases

Function of Hypothalamus

Maintains homeostasis

Function of Pituitary Gland

Releases hormones for growth, reproduction, water balance

Function of Pineal Gland

Produces melatonin

Function of thyroid gland

Controls metabolism

Function of Parathyroid gland

Regulates calcium levels in blood and bones

Function of Thymus

Helps immune system development

function of adrenal glands

Produces hormones for stress response

function of pancreas

Regulates blood sugar

function of ovaries

Produce eggs

function of testes

Produce sperm

Blood is classified as

Connective tissue

Liquid portion of blood

plasma

What does the pancreas help transport?

nutrients, wastes, and carbon dioxide

Carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

Fight infection

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Help blood clot

Platelets

Carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

Carry blood toward the heart

Veins

Site of gas and nutrient exchange

Capillaries

Caused by:Closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

"Lub" sound

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Blood enters through the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

right atrium

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

right ventricle

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

left atrium

Thickest muscular wall

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

left ventricle

Thick wall dividing the right and left sides of the heart

Prevents oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood from mixing

Septum

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Aorta

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

One of the few arteries carrying low-oxygen blood

Pulmonary Artery

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

One of the few veins carrying oxygen-rich blood

Pulmonary Vein

Large vein bringing deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

Superior Vena Cava

Prevents backflow when the ventricle contracts

Tricuspid Valve

Prevents backflow into the left atrium

Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

Prevents blood from flowing backward into the right ventricle

Pulmonary Valve

Function of the conducting zone

Warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air

Structures of what zone include these: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi?

conducting zone

Actual site of gas exchange

alveoli

Gas moves across the respiratory membrane by

diffusion

Allows lungs to glide smoothly against the thoracic cavity during breathing

Pleural Fluid

Allow air to enter and leave the respiratory system

Nostrils

Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air using mucus and tiny hairs

Nasal Cavity

Alternate pathway for air to enter and exit, especially during exercise or congestion

Oral Cavity

Helps with breathing, eating, and speaking

mouth

Passageway for air moving from the nasal/oral cavity to the larynx

Pharynx

Closes over the airway during swallowing to keep food out of the trachea

Epiglottis

Voice box; contains vocal cords and directs air into the trachea

Larynx

Carries air to and from the lungs; supported by cartilage rings

Trachea

Carry air into the lungs

Bronchus

Distribute air throughout the lungs to the alveoli

Bronchioles

Site of gas exchange — oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood

Alveoli