HBS winter final

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

inferior

away from head (lower) most is the feet

superior

towards head end of body (upper) most is the head

proximal

nearer to the center of the body

distal

farther away from center of body

medial

towards middle of center-midline of the body

lateral

to the side of or away from middle of the body

popliteal

back part of the leg, behind the knee joint

abdominal

abdomen, body space between chest and pelvis

scapular

one of a pair of triangular bones on back of shoulder

thoracic

chest

brachial

arm

lumbar

lower back, vertebrae between thoracic and sacrum

tarsal

7 short bones located at proximal region of foot

cephalic

head

femoral

thiegh

antecubital

inner or front surface of forearm

buccal

cheeck

orbital

bone cavity that contains eyeball

digital

finger of toes

axial skeleton

skeleton of head and trunk

vertebrate

bones, muscles and tendons and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone

ribs

bony framework of thoracic cavity True Ribs- first ones attached to sternum False Ribs-attached indirectly to sternum or not at all Floating Ribs- not attached at all to sternum

mandible

jawbone- only moveable bone in skull

occipital bone

joins parietal bones along lambdoid structure- back of skull

frontal bone

bone of skull in forehead region

parietal bone

located on both sides of the skull

temporal bone

sides/base of skull where your temples are

sternum

bone in middle of chest- T shaped

clavicle

collar bone

sacrum

between right and left hips and form back of pelvis (middle of pelvis)

metatarsal

bones of the foot

tibia

inside, larger bone of the shin

fibular

outside, smaller bone of the shin

femur

thigh bone

patella

front bone of the knee joint

radius

outside bone of forearm

ulna

inside bone of forearm

humerus

bone running from shoulder to elbow

carpal

bones in wrist

tissue

integrated group of cells with common structure and function

epithelial tissue

muscle tissue

connective tissue

nervous tissue

blood bones fat tendons ligaments

made by connective tissue

lining of organs

made by epithelial tissue

neurons

made by nervous tissues

proteins

made by muscle tissues

integumentary system

human body system made up of skin, hair and nails

orbicularis oris

the mouth, allows you to pucker

sex, height, age, health and ancestry

characteristic of a person that skeletal remains can determine

femur and humerus

determines height

pelvis

determines sex

skull

determines race and ethnicity

bone fusion

determines age

chromosome have genes which have DNA. DNA has a phosphate group, sugar and chemical bases (A,G,T,C)

structure of DNA

standar DNA marker

positive control group (lane 1) during electrophoresis

DNA has a neg. charge and is pulled towards pos. end of machine

how gel electrophoresis works

backbone of DNA

phosphates

restriction enzyme

cuts DNA in specific locations. Determine number and size of DNA pieces left behind

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLPs)

differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths

1-extract DNA from each sample

2-amplify using PCR

3-digest (cut) each DNA sample using restriction enzyme

4-load DNA samples in wells

5-turn on power of chamber

6-analyze DNA fingerprints

steps of gel electrophoresis

biometrics

the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral conditions especially as means of verifying personal identity

central nervous system

part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain, and the spinal cord to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which moto impulses pass out and supervises and coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system

gyrus and sulcus

structures that increase surface area of the brain

gyrus

a convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

sulcus

a shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

lobe

a division of a body organ marked off by a fissure on the surface

cerebrum

the dorsal portion composed of right and left hemispheres of the vertebrae and forebrain- memory, learning , emotions

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

parts of brain stem

amygdala

part of limbic system dealing with emotions

wernicke’s area

region of the brain containing motor neurons involves with speech comprehension

primary motor cortex

middle/top of brain that directs movement of the body

primary sensory cortex

in parietal lobe with 4 regions- receives and processes sensory information from across the body (touch, temp, pain)

sensory neuron

afferent neuron-moves away from a central organ or point-relays messages from receptors to brain or spinal cord

motor neuron

efferent neuron-moves towards a central organ or point-relays messages from the brain/spinal cord to the muscles/glands

interneuron

relays messages from sensory neuron to motor neuron. Make up brain (voluntary) and spinal cord (involuntary)

myelin sheath

in a neuron-insulating coat of cell membrane from schwann cells that is interrupted by nodes of ranvier

axon

long nerve cell process that usually conducts impulses away from the cell body

dendrite

any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses towards the body of a neuron

ion

an atom of group of atoms with a negative or positive electrical charge as a result of having lost or gained one of more electrons

1-resting potential; sodium and potassium channels are closed

2-depolarization; sodium channels open in response to stimulus

3-repolarization;sodium channels close and potassium channels open

4-refractory period;membrane repolarizes to resting potential as the sodium potassium pump pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions it brings into the cell

steps of action potential

reflex

an automatic or inborn response to a stimulus that involves a nerve impulse passing a pulse passing inward from a receptor to the spinal cord and thence outward to an effector without reaching the level of consciousness and often without passing to the brain

voluntary

have to think to react-slower

involuntary

happens without having to think about it -faster

reflex arc

nerve pathway involved in a reflex, as simple as sensory, motor nerve with synapse between

neurologist

a physician skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system

multiple sclerosis

causes progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS. This destruction slows and then short-circuit conduction of nerve impulses

alzheimer’s disease

loss of neurons that liberates a kay neurotransmitter. Microtubules Become tangled and alter cells ability to transport material, ultimately affecting communication

ALS

a disease of the motor neurons-limited in movement and the ability to control muscles for breathing and speaking

epilepsy

abnormal electrical discharges from neurons in the brain causing seizures. Too many neurons firing at once

hormone

any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are formed in specialized cells. Travel in body fluids and coordinates the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells

homeostasis

the maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological conditions

feedback loops

changes in the body that occur due to changes in the internal and external environments used to maintain homeostasis

react to stimuli, help maintain homeostasis, systems of body that send messages, hypothalamus is link between 2 systems

similarities of endocrine and nervous systems

NS uses electrical chemicals bu ES only uses chemical. NS is faster ES is slower. NS uses neuron impulses but ES uses hormones. NS organs are brain, spinal cord, neurons and nerves but ES are glands. NS uses neurons to travel but ES travel through bloodstream

differences between endocrine and nervou systems

pituitary gland

an endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus;consists of a posterior lobe, which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus and an anterior lobe which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions

insulin

a vertebrae hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glucagon