Final Exam Study Guide - Microbiology

True or False: spontaneous generation refers to the idea that organisms came from other organisms

False

True or False: all living organisms may be classified in 3 domains

True

True or False: archaea are very similar to bacteria and have rigid cell walls made of peptidoglycan

False

Viroids are naked (lacking a protein shell) pieces of RNA that infect plants

True

The scientific name of an organism includes its…

genus and species

True or False: bacteria and eukarya both contain membrane-bound organelles

False

The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that…

living organisms could spontaneously arise from non-living material

True or False: viruses and bacteria are both based on the unit of a cell

False

The system by which organisms are named is referred to as

nomenclature

True or False: viruses simultaneously contain DNA, RNA and protein

False

Bacteria are good research models because they…

share many biochemical and physiological properties with more complex organisms

Agar replaced gelatin as the gelling (solidifying) agent for media because…

fewer bacteria can break down agar compared with gelatin

True or False: differential media only allow certain bacteria to grow

False

In the growth curve of a bacteria population, the bacteria are rapidly increasing in number in the…

exponential (log) phase

True or False: growth usually refers to an increase in size of the bacteria

False

What are the order of reagents in the Gram stain reaction?

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

What is the advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes?

high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates

What are the two magnifying lenses found in a light microscope?

ocular and objective

The use of oil with certain high-power objective lenses increases…

resolution

What is the nucleus?

a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes

In latent infections, the virions are…

primarily produced during reactivation

Attachment of animal viruses to the host cell may be by means of…

spikes

When a non-enveloped animal virus absorbs to the host cell with its protein spikes, the virions are taken into the cell by the process called?

endocytosis

Using phages to treat a bacterial infection is an interesting idea because…

of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance in pathogens

What is nucleocapsid composed of?

DNA or RNA, and protein

Viroids cause disease in what?

plants

What part of the attached bacteriophage enters through the host cell wall?

the nucleic acid

Where are viruses not cultivated in?

blood agar

Why do animal viruses have envelopes and phages rarely do?

animal viruses will often use the envelope in order to fuse with the plasma membrane of a new target cell, gaining entry into the cytoplasm

What is a key feature of all viral infections?

separation of viral nucleic acid from the capsid

An infection in which the virus is continually present in the body is referred to as..

persistent

The name given to the reaction involving addition of electrons or hydrogen atoms to a compound is…

reduction

What happens to the carbon molecules in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle?

they become carbon dioxide

True or False: the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is water, which is broken down to hydrogen and oxygen

False

Enzymes act on ___ to generate ___.

substrates, products

True or False: the production of ATP via the electron transport chain, in either eukaryotes or prokaryotes, requires the use of a membrane.

True

What is NOT common to aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation?

electron transport chain

Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in…

aerobic respiration

What does the TCA cycle produce?

FADH2, NADH, ATP and precursor metabolites

True or False: the energy gathered during catabolism is used during anabolism

True

What does the electron transport chain require?

a membrane AND generates a concentration gradient of protons

True or False: the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are all Gram-positive

False

Archaea are typically found living in extreme environments. An exception to this are the…

methanogens

What are endospores?

a dormant form of a bacterium AND are formed by members of medically relevant groups of bacteria

Complex structures called fruiting bodies are a characteristic of…

myxobacteria

True or False: Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus are obligate fermenters

True

True or False: Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Propionibacterium all oxidize organic compounds AND use organic compounds are terminal electron acceptors

True

True or False: cyanobacteria are prokaryotes

True

Bacteria that may form endospores include…

Clostridium and Bacillus

How could heavily fertilized lawns contribute to cyanobacteria blooms in lakes and oceans?

Run-off from the lawns will get into the water system, leading to large amounts of nitrogen that can be used by cyanobacteria in water systems

The Gram-positive rod that is also acid-fast and is a human pathogen is…

Mycobacterium tuberculosis