lab practical 2: fetal pig / digestive system / endocrine system / reproductive

nose

location: center of face

function: primary entry point for respiratory system, filters, warms, and moisturizes air

tongue

location: in mouth

function: manipulates food, cleans mouth, forms sounds

soft palate

location: directly behind bony hard palate, back part of roof of mouth

function: composed of muscle and connective tissue, elevates to block nasal cavity in swallowing

hard palate

location: bony front portion of roof of mouth, between upper teeth and behind them

function: bony plate important for mastication and speech

epiglottis

location: covers glottis

function: prevents food from entering the trachea

glottis

location: space at the entrance of the trachea

function: controls airflow, produces sound, protects airway

trachea

location: midline of lower neck and upper chest

function: transports air in and out during respiration

pharynx

location: back of throat

function: shared pathway for both respiratory and digestive systems, allows air to travel to the lungs and food/liquid to reach the esophagus

larynx

location: middle of neck, between pharynx and trachea

function: hollow muscular organ forming air passage to lungs, the voice box

thymus

location: small, two-lobed gland in upper chest behind sternum and in front of heart

function: makes white blood cells (T cells), important in immune system

thyroid

location: in front of neck sitting below larynx and above collarbone

function: gland that regulates the body’s metabolic rate, important in growth and development

lungs

location: lower respiratory tract, thoracic cavity on both sides of heart

function: facilitate gas exchange

diaphragm

location: base of chest, separates thoracic cavity

function: contracts and flattens during inhalation and relaxing and rising during exhalation

esophagus

location: center of chest from throat to stomach

function: muscular tube that carries food form mouth to stomach

stomach

location: upper left of abdomen

function: aids in digestion

liver

location: upper right of abdominal cavity

function: produces bile

gallbladder

location: upper right of abdomen underneath liver

function: stores bile produced in liver and release into duodenum via bile duct

spleen

location: upper left of abdominal cavity

function: recycles and removes red blood cells; recycles iron

small intestine

aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients

large intestine

absorbs water and salts; stores solid waste in rectum to be excreted

rectum

last section of large intestine; regulates excretion of feces

kidney

natural filter of blood that removes water-soluble waste

ureter

location: connection between kidney and bladder

function: act as vital transport system for urinary tract, moving urine from renal pelvis of kidneys down to bladder

bladder

location: anterior pelvic cavity

function: stores urine

urethra

location: pelvic region from base of bladder to outside of body

function: vesseul through which urine passes after leaving the bladder

testes

location: scrotum

function: sperm production and sex hormone production

epididymis

location: dorsal & lateral side of each testis within scrotum

function: tubes used to store and mature sperm, attaches to ductus deferens

ovaries

location: in pelvis, one on each side of uterus

function: egg production & sex hormones

oviducts / fallopian tubes

location: upper pelvic cavity, extending from uterine horns towards ovaries

function: catches ovulated eggs from the ovary to the uterine horns

• site of fertilization

uterus

houses the zygote (fertilized egg)

uterine horns

(UH) houses the zygote (fertilized egg)

vagina

location: external genitals

function: passage for sperm

pyloric junction

location: band of smooth muscle at intersection of pylorus of the stomach & duodenum (small inestine)

function: controls flow of partially digested food

pancreas

location: upper abdomen

function: granular organ that secretes digestive enxymes and hormones

factors of pancreas

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

insulin

controls glucose (glucose to the blood vessels)

glucagon

controls glucose (glucose to the blood vessels)

somatostatin

inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

parts of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

duodenum

first part of small intestine; enzyme and bile secretion

jejunum

middle part of the small intestine; site of absorption

ileum

final and longest part of the small intestine; immune cells

parts of the large intestine

cecum, colon, rectum

cecum

first section of large intestine; site of fermentation

colon

middle section, longest section; some absorption of fatty acids

sexing a fetal pig - externally

females: urogenital papilla near anus

males: do not have urogenital papilla

sexing a fetal pig - internally

females: uterus with uterine horns

• uterus & uterine horns look like thin spiraling tubes

males: testes

female reproductive system

ovaries, fallopian tubes/oviducts, uterus/uterine horns, cervix, vagina

ductus deferens

location: spermatic cord, tail of epididymis in scrotum

function: tube stemming form the epididymis that transports sperm

• called the vas deferens in humans

cardiac sphincter

location: junction of inferior end of esophagus & superior part of stomach

function: allows food to enter the stomach from esophagus, prevents acidic stomach contents from flowing back up, helps prevent heartburn

pyloric sphincter

location: muscular valve at base of stomach

function: regulates the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine (duodenum)

anus

location: terminal opening of digestive tract/external opening at end of digestive tract, between buttocks, below rectum, behind perineum

function: expelling feces from body

bile duct

duct that conveys bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum

lipase

digestive enzyme produced by pancreas to break down dietary fats into fatty acids & glycerol in small intestine

bile

yellow-green alkaline fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder to aid in digestion

amylase

enzyme produced by pancreas and salivary glands that breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, facilitates digestion

mechanical vs chemical digestion

• mechanical: physical breakdown of food into smaller particles (like chewing)

• chemical: molecular breakdown of food using enzymes and acids

compartments of ruminant stomach

rumen, omasum, abomasum, reticulum

types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism