global issues test1

define globalization

the rapid integration of economies and societies across borders

globalization examples

past: silk road from 1st century BCE until 15th century, triangular trade between europe and africa, industrial revolution, great depression, post ww2

present: thing from all over the world found in grocery stores

drivers of globalization

• technological advances

• development

• advanced communication

• advanced transportation tech

advantages of globalization

• help undermine power of authoritarian governments

• help create jobs in poor countries

• allow for opportunities to learn about other cultures

disadvantages

• Lead to unwanted external influence in a country, such as with the russian interference in U.S. presidential elections

• allows drug cartels etc to leverage expanded transportation

• economic inequality

• cultural imperialism

define key actors

the individuals, groups, or organizations that shape and influence global issues

define IGOs and give examples

Sometimes states work together through treaties to address common issues and achieve common goals that they cannot solve or accomplish on their own, forming International Governmental Organizations

EX: United nations, the world bank

examples of key actors

• states: united states, china etc

• Non state actors: multinational corporations (MNCs) Ex: toyota apple, Non governmental organizations (NGOs) EX: red cross, greenpeace,

• individuals: leaders like donald trump, vladimir putin, social activists like greta thunberg, and industry leaders like elon musk and jeff bezos, celebrities like beyonce

define state

political units that have sovereignty over a population and a territory, as defined by borders (think China, India, Germany, Nigeria, or Brazil).

in the United States we use the term “state” to refer to a sub-unit of a larger federal union, with sovereignty—or exclusive legal authority over a population and territory—being shared between the federal government and state governments.

legitimacy and autonomy of state

legitimacy: Citizens accept the government's right to rule.

Autonomy: Ability to govern without outside control.

what was the treaty of westphalia

ended the thirty years war leading to peace through which leaders agreed to the principle of sovereignty tied to defined borders, not the fuzzy, ill-defined boundaries of feudalism and empire. Each party to the agreement was free to determine its own religion, laws, and internal affairs.

led to enlightenment

define nations and give examples

a group of people who share common cultural characteristics, such as a common language, religion, ethnicity, history, or civic community.

Ex: kurds, palestinians

define nationalism

an emphasis on the interests of a nation and its unique political destiny, is at the heart of conflicts in every region of the globe, at times to devastating effect. It also unites countries and peoples that aspire for self-determination.

define ethnic nationalism

based on social institutions that people generally inherit at birth, such as language, religion, customs, and historical memory.

define civic nationalism

where society is united by citizenship, socio-political ideals, and legal rights and codes transmitted to all members of society, is a more inclusive form of nationalism. Ex: U.S melting pot

define pro and anti state nationalism

pro strengthens existing state Ex: american patriotism

anti seeks independence Ex: kurdish

what is religious nationalism and ex

religion strengthening identity Ex: hindu nationalism or zionism

define sovereignty

the ultimate power, authority, or right of a nation (or people) to govern itself, establish its own laws, and manage its territory without external interference.

what is popular sovereignty

government authority comes from the people

Popular sovereignty importance in the american revolution and french revolution

american: goals for independence and self government

french: goals of liberty, equality, and popular rule

define hard power and Ex

Hard power is generally associated with military and economic strength

Ex: economic sanctions, military operations

define soft power and Ex

soft power is more associated with a state’s “tools of attraction”

Ex: peace negotiations, promoting international law and cooperation through diplomacy

define smart power

smart power is the effective combination of hard and soft power.

what is the league of nations

the first worldwide intergovernmental organization created after wwI to maintain peace but there was no military and the US never joined and failed to stop aggression

What is the UN and its objectives

is the broadest and arguably strongest International Governmental Organization (IGO) ever created. However, the UN is not a world government and, indeed, respect for state sovereignty is one of its founding principles.

The world’s countries have voluntarily bound themselves together to solve problems from war and peace to economic development to crisis relief.

maintain international peace and security, promote human rights, and foster social and economic development

What are the 6 main UN organs

1. general assembly

2. security council

3. economic and social council

4. trusteeship council

5. international court of justice

6. secretariat

general assembly

• main deliberative organ

• all member states are represented

• can discuss any matter except disputes being considered by sec. council

• elect non permanent security council members

• appoint secretary general

security council

• has the main responsibility to keep peace and security in the world

• may impose economic sanctions or embargoes

• has 5 permanent members (united kingdom, united states, china, russia, france), and 10 nonpermanent

• includes ability to veto resolutions

economic and social council

• is the central body for coordinating UN economic and social work

• coordinates the FAO, WHO, UNDP, and other specialized agencies

trustee council

• was set up after wwII to promote self governance in colonies

• has suspended its operations

International court of justice

• is the united nations main judicial organ

• settles legal disputes only between states

secratariat

• administers the programs and policies of UN organs

• has an international staff that takes orders from the secretary general

Define empathic civilizations and main point made

• concept by jeremy rifkin with the idea that Human societies are expanding empathy globally through communication and technology.

• If we cannot imagine our empathy extending to a planetary scale, we won’t be able to save ourselves or possibly the planet

define global security (historical background)

the international measures, treaties, and diplomatic relations used by countries and organizations to ensure mutual safety, peace, and stability worldwide

define peacekeeping vs peacemaking

Peacekeeping is the military or civilian intervention designed to maintain a cease-fire and separate warring parties, essentially acting as a buffer to prevent a return to violence. In contrast, peacemaking is the diplomatic process aimed at resolving the underlying conflict and establishing a formal peace agreement

historical background causes of wwI

• Militarism – buildup of armies and navies.

• Alliances – countries promised to defend each other.

• Imperialism – competition for colonies.

• Nationalism – strong pride and loyalty to one's nation.

• Immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

US role in wwI

• Remained neutral at first.

• Entered the war in 1917 due to:

  • German unrestricted submarine warfare.

  • The Zimmermann Telegram.

• Supplied troops, weapons, and resources to the Allies.

Results of wwI

• Allied victory.

• Collapse of several empires (German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, Russian).

• Creation of the League of Nations.

• Harsh peace terms imposed on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, contributing to resentment that helped lead to WWII.

key developments in warfare of wwI

• Use of machine guns and chemical weapons as devastating new tools of war

• Grueling use of trench warfare 

• Extensive weaponization of submarines and aircraft

key legacies of wwI

• Significant readjustment of territorial boundaries 

• The United States emergence as a global economic and military power

• Harsh terms on Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, fueling grievances in the country

• The creation of the League of Nations, a precursor to today’s United Nations

• New borders in the Middle East which did not align with existing ethnic and religious identities 

• Technological advancements that helped lead to arms buildups 

• The strengthening of nationalist movements in Asia and Africa

key events of ww2

• Holocaust

• Pearl Harbor

• Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

United States entered after Pearl Harbor.

legacies of ww2

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established in 1949

• Independence accelerated in colonies in Africa¸ Asia¸ the Middle East¸ and elsewhere

• The Soviet Union emerged as the leader of an opposing ideological and military camp

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was written

• The United Nations (UN) was established and included a Security Council with a mandate to maintain international peace and security

• Post-WWII leaders¸led by the United States¸ set upon the task of building international institutions to help address security and economic challenges in the future.

started ww2

nazi germany invasion of poland

when did holocaust take place

1933-1945

world war 1

• First extensive weaponization of submarines and aircraft

• Collapse of Ottoman empire

• End of Austro-Hungarian Empire

• President Wilson stating “the world must be made safe for democracy”

ww2

• German invasion of Poland

• Japanese invasion of China

• pearl harbor

• holocaust

dates

Beginning of WWI	1914
End of WWI	1918
End of WWII	1945
Japanese invasion of China	1937
U.S. enters WWI	1917
Germany Invades Poland	1939
Japan bombs Pearl Harbor	1941

What was the Soviet Cold War dominance over Eastern Europe called?

iron curtain

Who were the two main adversaries in the Cold War?

U.S. and soviet union

What strategy was associated with U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War?

containment (geopolitical strategy during the Cold War designed to prevent the global spread of Soviet communism)

Who were the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States that ushered in the end of the Cold War?

Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev

The superpowers used conflicts in or between other countries (such as ____________ and ___________) in an effort to increase their power and influence.

korea/ vietnam

What is a collective security agreement?

An agreement where the participating states agree an attack on one is an attack on all

Under the traditional concept of security (select all that apply):

A country’s military and economic strength are the primary factors in security considerations

Countries focus on protecting themselves against foreign attacks

Human security means recognizing (select all that apply):

That there are multiple and interconnected causes of insecurity

The importance of nonmilitary threats to security¸ including political corruption¸ environmental degradation¸ health issues¸ migration flows¸ poverty and more

traditional vs human security

Traditional Security	Human Security

Focuses on protecting the state

Focuses on protecting individuals and communities

Main threats are military attacks, war, and invasion

Main threats include poverty, disease, environmental problems, hunger, and human rights abuses

Emphasizes military power and national defense

Emphasizes human well-being, safety, and quality of life

Governments and militaries are the primary actors

Governments, NGOs, international organizations, and communities all play important roles

Concerned with maintaining territorial integrity and sovereignty

Concerned with ensuring people can live free from fear and want

human security

Looking at the full range of threats can bring meaningful change to people’s lives

International cooperation is needed to overcome such threats as climate change¸ refugee crises¸ and financial crises

Multiple interconnected threats can not be seen or solved in isolation

Which of the following are common attributes of terrorism (select all that apply)?

The battle against terrorism is as complex as terrorism itself

c

Terrorist violence is generally political¸ seeking to send a message to a larger audience

d

Once terrorism has started in a country or region¸ it can become entrenched

e

Terrorists attacks in recent decades have often been concentrated against civilians

f

Transnational¸ non-state terrorist organizations pose a particularly dangerous threat in the 21st century

g

Groups that mix nationalism and/or religious motivation to inspire others to violence are of specific concern

Which of the following non-state actors was responsible for the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States?

al qaeda

Persian Gulf War II / Iraq War (2003–2011)

• U.S. invasion in 2003.

• Justified by claims that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).

• No active WMD stockpiles were found.

• Saddam Hussein was removed from power.

• Led to years of insurgency and instability.

original afgans

pashtuns

vertical vs horizontal proliferation

Vertical Proliferation

• Existing nuclear states increase or modernize arsenals.

• Example: U.S. or Russia improving nuclear weapons.

Horizontal Proliferation

• Additional countries acquire nuclear weapons.

• Example: India obtaining nuclear weapons capability.

vonventional vs wmd

conventional

• Rifles

• Tanks

• Aircraft

• Missiles

WMDs

Weapons capable of mass casualties.

Types:

1. Nuclear

2. Chemical

3. Biological

major arms sellers/ buyers /concerns

sellers: us russia, france, china

buyers: middle east , asia

Military spending can reduce spending on programs that might result in longer-term benefits for society (“guns versus butter”)

d

Stockpiling arms might lead to arms races and instability¸ making conflict more likely

cyber security

Definition

Protection of computer systems, networks, and digital information.

Threats

• Hacking

• Ransomware

• Election interference

• Espionage

Examples:

• Russian interference in U.S. elections.

• Attacks on infrastructure.

nuclear club / largest stockpiles

• United States

• Russia

• United Kingdom

• France

• China

• India

• Pakistan

• North Korea

largest US russia

AQ khan

Known for:

• Helping Pakistan develop nuclear weapons.

• Operating a proliferation network that transferred nuclear technology to countries including:

  • Iran

  • Libya

  • North Korea

Arms Control: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Goals

1. Nonproliferation

• Prevent spread of nuclear weapons.

2. Disarmament

• Encourage nuclear states to reduce arsenals.

3. Peaceful Uses

• Allow civilian nuclear energy programs.

Nuclear Weapon States Recognized by NPT

• United States

• Russia (formerly Soviet Union)

• United Kingdom

• France

• China

quick sheet

• Containment = Stop spread of communism

• Persian Gulf I = Kuwait (1991)

• Persian Gulf II = Iraq invasion (2003)

• Afghanistan = 9/11 response

• Ukraine = Crimea (2014) + invasion (2022)

• Vertical = More weapons by existing states

• Horizontal = More states getting weapons

• WMD = Nuclear, Chemical, Biological

• NPT = Stop spread, reduce arsenals, peaceful nuclear energy

• AQ Khan = Pakistan's nuclear network