Week 11: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power

Vocabulary terms and definitions related to the emergence of European kingdoms, church reforms, and the Crusades from 1000 to 1300.

William the Conqueror

The leader who created a centralized English monarchy after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in $1066$.

Battle of Hastings

A significant battle in $1066$ that led to the Norman conquest of England and the establishment of a new centralized monarchy.

Magna Carta

A document issued in $1215$ by English lords that attempted to limit the growing powers of the king.

Edward I

The English king who created a parliament that included nobles, knights, and burgesses.

Philip II (Philip Augustus)

A French king of the Capetian dynasty who reclaimed lands held by the English king John and participated in the Albigensian Crusade.

Louis IX (Saint Louis)

A French king who extended royal power through judicial reforms before his death in $1270$.

Philip IV

The French king who established the estates general and was involved in the Avignon Papacy ($1309$-$1376$).

Bayeux tapestry

A wall hanging of woolen embroidery on linen, made before $1082$, illustrating the Norman invasion of England.

Reconquista

The multi-century movement by Christian kingdoms in northern Iberia to take control of Spain from Muslim rule.

Repartimientos

The redistribution of seized lands to loyal Christian nobles and commoners in Spain to create a direct connection to the king.

Hohenstaufen dynasty

A German dynasty that attempted to assert control over northern Italy but faced resistance from strong nobles and the Papacy.

Cluniac reform movement

A monastic movement centered at the Abbey of Cluny that focused on reform and the pursuit of holiness.

Pope Gregory VII

The reformer pope who claimed papal supremacy over politics as the \"vicar on Earth\" and opposed secular appointments of religious officials.

Investiture controversy

A conflict between the papacy and secular rulers, exemplified by the tension between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over the appointment of bishops.

Concordat of Worms

An agreement reached in $1122$ that addressed the tensions of the investiture controversy.

Papal curia

A council of top cardinals that advised the pope and was responsible for electing new popes.

Franciscans and Dominicans

New religious orders founded by Saint Francis and Saint Dominic in the $1200$s to provide services to ordinary people.

Indulgences

Items sold by the church to reduce the amount of time an individual's soul would spend in purgatory.

Inquisition

A church infrastructure developed to police beliefs and organize opposition against perceived heresy.

Saladin

The Sunni leader who recaptured Jerusalem and pushed back the Crusaders, prompting the Third Crusade ($1189$-$1192$).

First Crusade

A military campaign from $1095$ to $1099$ that captured Jerusalem and established four crusader states.