PSC 1001 Final Exam

final exam

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white population of South Africa that was descended from early Dutch settlers.

Afrikaners

White South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Dutch Reformed Church

Conservative Protestant Church that has historically been central to Afrikaner culture

Afrikaans

A language of southern Africa, derived from the form of Dutch brought to the Cape by Protestant settlers in the 17th century, and an official language of South Africa.

Great Trek

A migration of Dutch colonists out of British-controlled territory in South Africa during the 1830s.

Voortrekkers

Emigrants during the 1830s and 1840s who left the Cape Colony moving into the interior of what is now South Africa; took part in Great Trek

Boer Wars

A conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Dutch and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa. British won. Created the Union of South Africa.

Union of South Africa

In 1910, the Brits united Cape Colony, Natal, the Transvaal and the OFS to form the Union of South Africa, a self-governing dominion. British + Afrikaner colonists.

Coloreds

Widely used term in South Africa to describe citizens of mixed race, largely concentrated in Western Cape Province and KwaZulu-Natal

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Governing party since 1994.

National Party

The political party that implemented Apartheid; it was made up of Afrikaners

Bantustans

Tribal homelands established by the apartheid regime to deprive the black majority of South African citizenship

Group Areas Act

The centerpiece of apartheid legislation that divided South Africans into four racial categories and required strict segregation of housing along racial lines

Nelson Mandela

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994.

United Democratic Front

The unified anti-apartheid coalition created in 1983 from the major black and white opposition groups

FW de Klerk

Elected as the last white South African president in 1989. He legalized the ANC and also released Nelson Mandela from prison. This started a new era in South Africa and ended apartheid

National Assembly

South Africa's legislature

Jacob Zuma

President of South Africa from 2009-18

Democratic Alliance

South African political party and the official opposition to the governing African National Congress

Thabo Mbeki

South Africa's former two-term president who was forced to resign in 2008 when he failed to win the election as the ANC leader

Cyril Ramaphosa

President of South Africa from 2018-onward

Economic Freedom Fighters

A leftist political party that broke away from the ANC in 2013; it is led by the former head of the ANC youth, Julius Malema

Helen Zille

Journalist and former mayor of Cape Town; became DA leader in 2007

Mmusi Maimane

The first black leader of the opposition Democratic Alliance; he was elected in 2015 but resigned in 2019 after the DA lost ground in general elections

Inkatha Freedom Party

The small Zulu political party that is currently the party of the opposition to the ANC

Congress of South African Trade Unions

South Africa's most important trade union confederation, closely linked to the governing ANC

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

The post-apartheid body established to document apartheid-era human rights abuses and to give reparations to victims and amnesty to perpetrators who confessed to crimes

Archbishop Desmond Tutu

The anti-apartheid activist and leader of South Africa's Anglican Church who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Growth, Employment, and Redistribution (GEAR)

The 1996 liberal macroeconomic structural adjustment plan that moved the ANC toward a more market-friendly political policy

Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BEE)

South Africa's affirmative action program that aims to create a new class of black owners and management through a series of quotas and targets

Boko Haram

Islamic terrorist group based in northeastern Nigeria that since 2009 has launched a violent insurgency

State-Nation

A multicultural or even multinational state that manages to retain relatively strong levels of patriotism from its citizens

Yoruba

Ethnic group largely confined to southwest Nigeria whose members are divided among Christian, Muslim, and local animist faiths.

Igbo

Nigeria's third largest group who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. This group has many conflicts with the Yoruba and at one point they tried to become a independent nation.

Hausa

Peoples of northern Nigeria; formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions

Fulani

Predominantly Muslim ethnic group located in northern Nigeria

Sokoto Caliphate

Islamic empire founded in 1809 and centered in northern Nigeria

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Sharia

Body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life

Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe

Nigerian nationalist and independent Nigeria's first head of state (1960-66)

First Republic

Nigerian parliamentary democratic regime that followed independence (1960-66)

Republic of Biafra

Igbo-dominated Eastern Region that tried, and failed, to secede from Nigeria in 1967

Olusegun Obasanjo

Military ruler from 1976-1979 and two term elected president, from 1999-2007

Second Republic

Short-lived Nigerian democratic regime, from 1979 to 1983, in which the former parliamentary system was replaced by a presidential system

Muhammadu Buhari

Former military ruler and current democratically elected president of Nigeria (2015-)

Ibrahim Babangida

Military ruler of Nigeria from 1985 to 1993 who sought to establish the failed Third Republic

Sani Abacha

Oppressive Nigerian military dictator from 1993 to 1998 who came to power in a military coup

Third Republic

Democratic regime proposed by General Ibrahim Babangida in 1993, but precluded by General Sani Abacha's military coup in the same year, following annulled elections

Ken Saro-Wiwa

Noted Nigerian playwright and environmental activist, executed in 1995 for his defense of the land and peoples of the Niger Delta

Fourth Republic

Nigeria's current presidential democratic regime, established in 1999

Patrimonialism

An arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will

Goodluck Jonathan

President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015

Federal Character Principle

Nigerian quota system designed to ease ethnic tension by requiring the president to appoint ministers and civil servants from each Nigerian state

House of Representatives

Lower house of Nigerian parliament

People's Democratic Party

Political party that has dominated Nigerian politics since its 1998 formation, its base is in the Hausa Muslim ethnic group of northern Nigeria

Zoning

A PDP system of presidential rotation; the party would alternate every two terms in nominating candidates from Nigeria's north and south

All Progressives Congress

Opposition political party formed in 2013 by merger of largest opposition parties and defections from the ruling People's Democratic Party

Niger Delta

World's third-largest wetland and source of Nigerian oil and economic and ethnic conflict

Derivation Formula

Formula for distributing oil revenues between national and local governments in Nigeria

Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People

Ethnic association founded by Ken Saro-Wiwa to promote interests of ethnic Ogoni in the Niger Delta

Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

Militant separatist group from the Niger Delta

Resource Curse

Occurs when a state relies on a key resource for almost all of its revenue, allowing it to ignore its citizens and resulting in a weak state

National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS)

A wide-ranging Nigerian reform program designed to stem government corruption and enhance economic infrastructure

Globalization

The process of expanding and intensifying linkages between states, societies, and economies

Multinational Corporations

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

Nongovernmental Organizations

National/International organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues.

Intergovernmental Organizations

An organization composed of several nations to serve particular policy ends

International Regime

The fundamental rules and norms that link states together and shape their relationships to one another, usually regarding some specific issues (such as greenhouse gases or trade)

Bretton Woods System

This system provided the foundation for postwar economic globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of capital investment. Manages international economic relations.

Foreign Direct Investment

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Offshore Outsourcing

A process by which a firm moves some of its work to a secondary business outside the home country that can do the work more efficiently or cheaply

Trans-Pacific Partnership

Free trade agreement between 12 countries. Liberalizes trade through reduced tariffs and common regulations

North American Free Trade Agreement

Agreement between Canada, Mexico, and USA. Liberalizes trade between the 3 countries. Replaced with USMCA. Create rules that link states together and shape their relationships. Based off of specific issues.

Citizenship in Apartheid

Can work in a certain region but workers must return to their home region

Political Issues of Nigeria

250 ethnic groups do not get along. British boundary lines are insufficient. Potential civil war.

Solutions for Nigerian political issues

Diversify, industrialize, globalize. Stay vigilant about where democracy goes.

Nigeria GDP

$5k

UN Actions for Apartheid

South Africa was expelled from the UN. Apartheid was considered a crime. South Africa was banned from the Olympics. Trade was boycotted.

Nigerian Economy

Major oil export. Involved in Belt & Road. China buys oil from Nigeria. Imports from China.

What does Nigeria import?

Gas, cars, medicine

China & Nigeria

China could pressure reform but they don't. They want to use trade as an influence.

USA & South Africa

USA kept South Africa in business during apartheid through trade

Amy Biehl

White American student who was killed during South African Apartheid. She was helping to register Africans to vote - killed by militant Africans in Gugulethu who thought she was South African

South Africa GDP

$12.9k

South Africa & Exports

China is their biggest export at 15%. USA is involved too (6%).

What does South Africa export?

Gold, coal, natural resources, cars

Arab Maghreb Union

Established via Marrakesh agreement on February 1989, consists of North Africa. Had the intention for security cooperation, economic integration, political integration, free movement of people, and cooperation with the south (helped economy by expanding markets).

Neighborhood Policy

A policy, developed when the EU enlarged to 25 member states in 2004, to build good relations between the EU and the non-member countries that border it through shared values of democracy, human rights, rule of law, good governance, free trade and sustainable development

African Union

The organization that replaced the Organization of African Unity in 2001; designed to bring about increased political and economic integration of African states.

EU Interests in South Africa

Belt & Road expansion. Items are exported to Europe. EU interested in South Africa's natural resources.

Belt & Road Components

BELT is the land to EU. ROAD is the maritime route along Africa to EU.

Belt & Road Initiative

China's huge infrastructure development and investment project launched in 2013, designed to link China to the rest of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and beyond

ASEAN

An association of nations dedicated to economic and political cooperation in southeastern Asia and who joined with the United States to fight against global terrorism

APEC

Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation, organization designed to increases multilateral economic cooperation between nations bordering the Pacific Ocean

Peace Model

Democracy + Development = Peace

Austerity

Cut government expenses to save money

Stimulus

Government gives money to people

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

1968 treaty that made signers agree not to develop nuclear weapons or to stop the proliferation or spread of nuclear weapons

Greenhouse Effect

The trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface.