Medical Terminology Chapter 13 EXAM

Acromegaly

a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargements of the extremities

Addison's Disease

occurs when adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone, characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, and weight loss

Adrenalitis

inflammation of the adrenal glands

Aldosteronism

an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone

Antidiuretic Hormone

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

Calcitonin

a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissue by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

Cortisol

a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action, helps metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body

Cretinism

a congenital form of hypothyroidism, causes arrested physical and mental development

Cushing's Syndrome

caused by prolong exposure to high levels of cortisol

Diabetes Insipidus

an uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

Diabetes Mellitus

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body's production of insulin or its ability to use it properly

Diabetic Retinopathy

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina, causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball and produces the damage that causes the loss of vision

Electrolytes

mineral substances normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

Epinephrine

stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear

Estrogen

a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle

Exophthalmos

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

stimulates secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries and the production of sperm in the testes

Fructosamine Test

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies

Gigantism

an abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

Glucagon

hormone secreted by alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose within the bloodstream

Glucose

the basic form of energy used by the body

Grave's Disease

a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

Growth Hormone

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues

Gynecomastia

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

Hashimoto's Disease

an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

Hypercalcemia

characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

Hyperglycemia

abnormally high concentrations of glucose in the blood

Hyperinsulinism

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

Hyperpituitarism

the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism

Hyperthyroidism

the overproduction of thyroid hormones

Hypoglycemia

an abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood

Hypothyroidism

caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

Insulin

the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

Insulinoma

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

Ketosis

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

Leptin

a protein hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

Luteinizing Hormone

stimulates ovulation in the female, stimulates the secretion of testosterone

Myxedema

adult hypothyroidism, caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion, symptoms include swelling

Norepinephrine

released by the adrenal medulla to play an important role in the fight or flight response by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulating muscle contractions

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

Pancreatitis

an inflammation of the pancreas

Parathyroidectomy

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, preformed to control hyperparathyroidism

Pituitary Adenoma

pituitary tumor

Polydipsia

an excessive thirst

Polyphagia

excessive hunger

Polyuria

excessive urination

Prediabetes

a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes

Progesterone

the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary, functions to complete the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy

Prolactinoma

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland

Puberty

the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

Radioactive Iodine Treatment

the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells, disables at least part of the thyroid gland

Steroids

a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure

Testosterone

a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Thymectomy

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

Thymosin

stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells

Type 1 Diabetes

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

Type 2 Diabetes

an insulin resistance disorder, insulin is being produced but the body does not use it effectively