Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 3

Exam 3 questions and answers

Which division of the PNS that receives information from the outer body and surrounding envrionment?

general somatic sensory

Which division of the PNS is equivalent to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

general visceral motor

Which division of the nervous system can conduct all three functions of the nervous system: sensory input, motor output, and integration?

CNS

What is the term for the connective tissue sheath of a nerve organ?

epineurium

What is the term for the clusters of ribosomes and ER found in the cytoplasm of a neuron?

nissl substance

What is the term for the branching at the terminus of an axon?

telodendria

Which class of radiating structures of the neuron will typically be distributive?

axon

What is the structural class of neuron that makes up all interneurons?

multipolar

What are the CNS supporting cells that defend the CNS from pathogens and senescent brain cells?

Microglia

What are the CNS supporting cells that exchange materials with neurons (i.e. oxygen), recycle neurotransmitters, and may play a role in memory formation?

astrocytes

Which zone of the developing neural tube is where the neurons and supporting cells are produced?

ventricular zone

Which zone of the developing neural tube is where the cells from the ventricular zone migrate to?

intermediate zone

Which zone of the developing neural tube forms the spinal cord white matter?

marginal zone

Which plate of the developing neural tube gives rise to the motor neurons?

basal plate

What is the term for the groove that divides the two pairs of plates in the developing neural tube?

sulcus limitans

Which horn of spinal cord grey matter contains sympathetic motor perikarya?

lateral horn

Which root of the amniote spinal nerve carries motor information?

ventral root?

Which root of the lissamphibian spinal nerve carries visceral motor information?

both dorsal and ventral roots

What is the term for the portion of grey matter that connects the right and left hand portions of spinal cord grey matter?

grey commissure

What is the term for the innermost meningeal layer surrounding the CNS in mammals?

Pia Mater

What is the term for the outer meningeal layer in nonmammalian tetrapods?

Dura Mater

Which tracts of spinal cord white matter are composed of motor information traveling from the brain?

descending tracts

What is the term for the cluster of spinal nerves coming off of the tapering inferior/caudalmost portion of the spinal cord?

cauda equina

Which cranial nerves may be occipitospinal nerves

CN 11 and 12

What is the vesicle of the developing brain that will give rise to the forebrain?

prosencephalon

What is the portion of the brain containing the folia, vermis, and arbor vitae?

cerebellum

What portion of the diencephalon is the main visceral control center of the body?

hypothalamus

Which region of the brain contains the tectum, periaqueductal grey matter, and both the superior and inferior colliculi?

midbrain

What is the primitive sensory and association area in fishes?

pallium

What is the term for the linear elevation on the cerebrum of reptiles containing numerous sensory association neurons?

dorsal ventricular ridge

What is the term for the portion of cerebral white matter that connects the two hemispheres?

commissural tracts

Which of the following classes of cerebral tracts is exemplified by the pyramidal tract?

projection tracts

Which cranial nerve is the most anterior cranial nerve?

terminal nerve

The profundus nerve is found only in “primitive vertebrates” and may be the sensory protion of which cranial nerve of amniotes?

trigeminal nerve

Which cranial nerve decussates?

optic nerve

Which cranial nerve plays a major role in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

vagus nerve

Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT involved in taste sensation?

trigeminal nerve

Which cranial nerve carries sensory information for cutaneous sensation of the head and motor information to the muscles of mastication?

trigeminal nerve

Which division of the ANS uses acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter between the postsynaptic neuron and the effector organ?

parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS is responsible for “flight, fright, or fight” response?

sympathetic

Which division of the ANS arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves?

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

Which division of the ANS involves prevertebral and paravertebral/chain ganglia?

sympathetic

Which portion of the mammalian adrenal gland is actually a sympathetic ganglion?

adrenal medulla

What is the term for the class of receptors that monitor stress and strain and the skeletal muscles and their associated joints to determine where various body parts are located in space?

proprioceptors

What is the term for the specialized epithelial cells that can pick up sensation/respond to stimuli?

neuroepithelial cells

Which type of neuromasts are found in the lateral lines of larval amphibians that will have an adult terrestrial stage?

external neuromasts

Which portion of the bony labyrinth is responsible for detecting audition?

cochlea

What outpocketing of the vestibule in fishes and amphibians gave rise to the cochlea of the mammalian and avian ear?

lagena

Which is the microscopic portion of the inner ear that is responsible for detecting static equilibrium?

macula

What is the fluid located within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

perilymph

What is the term for the acellular membrane that the stereocilia of receptor cells protect to allow detection of auditory information?

tectorial membrane

Which portion of the bony labyrinth contains the saccule and utricle?

vestibule

What is the term for the calcium carbonate crystals involved in detecting static equilibrium?

otoliths

Which branch of CN 8 conveys auditory information to the brain?

cochlear branch

Which papillae of the amphibian inner ear evolved into the organ of corti?

basal papilla

What is the auditory ossicle that connects to and receives vibrational energy from the tympanic membrane?

malleus

Which is the only class of vertebrates to have a pinna as part of the external ear?

mammalia

What is the transparent portion of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

cornea

Which portion of the vascular tunic (of the eye) will contain the tapetum lucidum in some tetrapods?

choroid

What are the cells of the retina which respond to photic stimulation to produce an electrical impulse?

photoreceptor cells

Which portion of the fibrous tunic (of the eye) is where the extrinsic ocular muscles insert?

sclera

What are the smooth muscles that adjust lens shape for accommodation?

ciliary muscles

What is the first layer of the trilaminar retina that light will pass through?

ganglion layer

What is the term for guanine crystals of the choroid that cause “eye shine”?

tapetum lucideum

What is the photosensitive structure in most vertebrates possessing a median eye?

parapineal eye

What are the thermoreceptive structures of some pythons

labial pits

Which cranial nerve detects heat information in pythons?

CN 5

What special sense is detected by three pairs of cranial nerves?

gustation

What is the term for an outpocketing of the nasal cavity that detects pheromones?

vomeronasal organ

What structural class of neuron makes up the olfactory receptor cell?

bipolar neuron

Which cells’ axons are bundled together to form the olfactory nerve (CN 1)?

Mitral cells

What is the term for the openings onto the surface of the tongue that the stereocilia of the gustatory receptors project into?

taste pores

What is the term for general sense receptors whose dendritic endings are wrapped up in layers of connective tissue?

encapsulated dendritic endings

What is the endocrine organ that sends sensory information along CN E?

pineal gland

What is the general term for an endocrine organ/hormone that affects the actions of other endocrine organs?

tropic

What does the term tropic mean?

a hormone that controls another endocrine organ

What is the endocrine organ that develops from two of the three primordial germ layers?

adrenal gland

What is the portion of the diencephalon that exerts a direct influence on the pituitary?

hypothalamus

Which portion of the pituitary developed from an outgrowth of the brain?

neuropophysis

Which portion of the pituitary is the true endocrine portion?

adenohypophysis

What is the term for the stored hormones of the neurohypophysis?

hering bodies

What is the stalk-like structure connecting the pituitary to the brain?

infundibulum

Which portion of the pituitary is rich in epithelial cells?

adenohypophysis

Which cells of the adrenal medulla make hormones?

chromaffin cells

Which layer of the mammalian adrenal cortex produces the glucocorticoids?

zona fasciculata

Which layer of the mammalian adrenal cortex is the most superficial of the three layers?

zona glomerulosa

Which layer of the mammalian adrenal cortex produces gonadocorticoids?

zona reticularis

Which glands of other vertebrates are homologous to the mammalian parafollicular cells?

ultimobranchial gland

What is the endocrine organ containing the parafollicular cells in mammals?

thyroid

What is the term for the hollow spheres of cells found in the thyroid?

follicles

What is the term for the clusters of endrocrine cells found in the testis?

leydig cells

What is term for the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

islets of langerhans

What is the number of adrenal glands found in mammals?

one pair

What is the endocrine organ that makes thymosin?

thymus

What is the endocrine organ that uses iodine as a material in the construction of its hormones?

thyroid

What is the endocrine organ that is also part of the immune response?

thymus

What is the endocrine organ that undergoes age-related involution?

thymus

What is the endocrine organ that has the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa?

pituitary

Which is the term for the calcium carbonate clusters that form in the pineal gland possibly due to aging?

corpora arenacea

What is the digestive organ that is also an endocrine organ?

pancreas