science finals

science

When would you use pie charts

Parts of a whole, fractions, percentages

When would you use line graph

Change over time

When would you use bar graph

Data grouped into categories

When would you use scatter plot

Shows the relationship between two variables

What is an independent variable in an experiment?

Manipulated variable, the thing that you change. Remember, “I” can change the “I”independent variable.

What is a dependent variable in an experiment?

Measured variable, the thing that responds to the independent variable.

Name these from smallest to largest

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Name the 11 major organ systems

Skeletal, Integumentary, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, reproductive, and immune

Describe the main function of the skeletal system

Supports body, protects internal organ

Describe function of excretory system

Removes waste products from the body

Describe function of Integumentary system

Guards against infection and injury. Helps regulate body temperature.

Describe function of Muscular system

With skeletal system, produces movement, helps circulate blood and move food through digestive system.

Describe function of Circulatory system

Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste. Fights infection, help regulate temp

Describe function of respiratory system

Brings in oxygen needed by cells. Removes CO2 from body

Describe function of Digestive system

Breaks down food. Absorbs nutrients, removes food waste.

Describe function of Nervous system

Controls the body’s responses to changes within the body and outside it

Describe function of Endocrine system

Controls growth, development, and energy processes, helps maintain homeostasis

Describe function of Reproductive system

Produces and delivers sex cells

Describe function of Immune system

Fights infections, attacks invading bacteria viruses

Which 3 organ systems work together to make your structural system?

Skeletal, muscular, and integumentary.

Explain homeostasis

Homeostasis is when an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the outside environment.

What is an example of homeostasis

Humans shiver to generate heat in cold weather, keeping body temp stable

What are 3 important safety rules when doing a dissection

Wear eye protection, no food or drinks, always cut away from yourself and others, no running

Explain the difference between acquired and inherited traits and give examples.

Acquired- traits are the result of a learned behavior. Speaking a language, riding a bike

Inherited- traits are due to genes you have inherited from your parents. Eye color, height

Explain allele

Different versions of a gene. One allele is received from each parent. Alleles can be dominated or recessive.

Explain gene

A sequence of DNA that determines a trait and is passed from parent to offspring.

Explain trait

A specific characteristic that an organism can pass to its offspring through its genes. (Having brown eyes)

What is phenotype

Observable version of a trait.

What is genotype

The combination of alleles in an organism’s DNA

What is a heterozygous genotype

Two of identical alleles, both dominant or both recessive.

Describe the difference between recessive and dominant traits

Dominant traits are always shown, while recessive traits are sometimes hidden. Dominant alleles always overpower the recessive alleles.

Why is sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction uses the DNA from just one parent to create offspring.

Sexual reproduction requires DNA from two parents to create offspring. Offspring receives half of its DNA from each parent, creating a genetically unique organism.

What type of reproduction produces genetically identical offsprings

Asexual reproduction

If a baby is born with genotype Nn. N is brown hair and n is black hair. What is the baby’s phenotype

Brown

Order the smallest unit of organism to the largest

Organism, population, community, ecosystem

Define immigration

Moving into a population

Define emigration

Moving out of a population

List 5 biotic factors in an ecosystem

Fungi, pig, treee, bacteria, plant

What 5 abiotic factors in an ecosystem

Rocks, water, soil, concrete, air

Draw food chain

Plants → Grasshopper → chicken → fox

Which direction do the arrows always point in a food web or food chain

The arrows always point in the direction of energy flow

What does a population density measure?

Measures the number of organisms in an area of a specific size

What is the formula for population density

number of organisms divided by area = population density. Answer should be written in decimal form.

Calculate population density of humans in Townsville if there are 6 humans in 12 acres.

6 humans / 12 acres = 0.5 humans per acre

Describe a carnivore

Organism that eats only consumers

Describe a omnivore

Organism that eats both consumers and producers

Describe herbivore

Organism that eats only producers

Explain why producers are important in ecosystem

Producers are the foundation of all food webs. Without producers, consumers would not survive

What why decomposers are imporant in ecosystem.

Decomposers break down dead matter to return nutrients to the soil. Producers then use these nutrients to grow.

What happens to the amount of available energy when you move up the levels of an energy pyramid? Why does it happen

The amount of available energy decreases, because much of the energy is lost in life processes or lost as heat. Only 10% of energy moves up each level.

How do you calculate amount of energy is it moved up 2 levels

Move decimal to the left two places

What is the difference between an open and closed system?

Open systems interact with the outside environment, things can go in and out.

Closed systems do not interact with outside environment

Give example of open systems

Forest

Give example of closed systems

Sealed terrarium

What are the parts of a water cycle

Water → evaporation towards sun → condensation towards clouds → precipitation towards land

Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration affect the carbon and oxygen cycles

The products of one cycle are the reactant of the other. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. Together, these two processes help keeps carbon and oxygen level stable

How are humans impacting the carbon cycle

Burning fossil fuels, chemical population, deforestation all contribute to high levels of carbon dioxide in atmosphere

Explain mutualism symbiotic relationship and give example.

Both organisms benefits. Example bees and flowers

Explain parasitism symbiotic relationship and give example.

One organisms benefits and the other is harmed. Example heartworms and dogs

Explain commensalism symbiotic relationship and give example

One organism benefits and the other one is neither harmed or helped. Hermit crabs and snail shells

What is a pioneer species

The first species to colonize an after after a disturbance. They break down rocks and add organic matter to the landscape as they decompose, slowly creating new soil to allow other plants to grow.

Explain details about primary succession

-Starts with no soil present

-Pioneer species are mosses and lichens

-Often seen after lava cools or after a glacier exposes bare rock

-Happens much slower

Explain details about secondary successsion

• starts with soil present

• Pioneer species are small shrubs and grasses

• often seen after wildfires, Major flooding, or deforestation

• Happens at a faster rate

Name some similarities of primary and secondary succession

• begin after a disturbance

• Have pioneer species

• Lead to mature, climax community

Where would you expect to see primary succession? Secondary succession?

Area after volcanic eruptions, Land left behind be retreating glaciers. 2. Forest after a wildfire, land after a major flooding

What are lichens, fungi, and mosses so important during primary succession

They help break down rock and they eventually die and decompose. Over time, these two things form new soil for other species to grow.

What is a keystone species. Give example and explain why

Species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem. Example Sea otters. Sea otters eat sea urchins and sea urchins eat kelp. If otters disappears, urchins would multiply and destroy the kelp forests. Kelp forest provides food and home to many ocean animals that would be affected.

What is an invasive species? How do they affect ecosystem?

Non-native species that cause harm to the ecosystem by outcompeting native species and disturbing the ecosystem balance.

Name 4 invasive species we have in Louisiana

Nutria, apple snails, feral hog, carp

Explain biodiversity.

The number of variety and different species living in an ecosystem

Name an ecosystem with a low biodiversity

Desert

Name an ecosystem with a high biodiversity

Rain forest

Explain how adaptations and survival are related

Adaption can improve survival in a particular environment by improving fitness. The adaptions can help the organism find food, escape predators, camouflage, ect,

Why is fire important in a long leaf pine ecosystem

Fire kills may of the species that outcompete long lead pine trees, such as oaks

What are two animal species that can be found only in longleaf pine ecosystems

Red-cockaded woodpeckers and gopher tortoises

Explain direct economic value using examples

Resources that are consumed from an ecosystem provide direct economic value. Selling crops

Explain indirect economic value using examples

Resources that are used, but not consumed, provides indirect economic value. Wetlands providing flood protection

What are the four types of ecosystem services

Cultural services, provisional services, supporting services, and regulating services

Explain cultural services

Provides recreational activities

Explain provisional services

Natural resources and things that we use

explain supporting services

Background processes like nutrients cycling that allows exerting else to occur in ecosystems

Explain regulating services

Allows ecosystems to remain stable

How are biodiversity and ecosystem services related

As biodiversity increases, interactions between organisms increase, leading to more ecosystem services

List 3 examples of natural resources

Water, trees, fossil fuels

Who is best known for first discovering and describing natural selection? What book did he publish

Charles Darwin, The Orgin of Species

List 3 complements of natural selection

Competition, overproduction, variation

Explain competition

Organisms compete for survival

Explain overproduction

More organisms are born than can survive, due to limiting factors in the environment

Explain variation

Some organisms have traits that make them better adapted to their environment

Explain gene flow and give an example

The movement of genetic material between populations. Example is a wolf immigrating into a new population and reproducing

Explain gene drift and give example

Genetic drift is the loss of alleles in a population due to random, chance events. Example, hurricane kills the last few birds with dark feathers. This is not due to natural selection

Mutations are usually _______ . Out of the mutations that are noticeable, most are _________ and a very small portion are _______.

Hidden/neutral. Harmful, beneficial.

What are the two ways that mutations can happen

Epigenetic changes or errors during DNA replication

How many new mutations does the average person receive from their parents

60

How are natural selection and evolution related

Natural selection is the process, and evolution (change over a period of time) is the result

Explain artificial selection and give an example

When humans control the reproduction of plants or animals to produce desireable traits. Example, dog breeding

Explain what fitness means in terms of natural selection

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

What is co-evolution

Where two species influence each other’s evolution due to close interactions.

Give example of sexual selection

A female bird choosing a mate with the most colorful feathers

Why is gene flow a positive thing

increases genetic diversity, which can lead to increased survival rates.