Aldehydes and Ketones I (6)

Aldehydes

are terminal functional groups containing a carbonyl bended to at least one hydrogen

-al; oxo-; -carbaldehyde

aldehydes use the suffix ____ and the prefix ____. In rings, they are indicated by the suffix _____

Ketones

are internal functional groups containing a carbonyl bonded to two alkyl chains

-one; oxo-; keto-

ketones use the suffix ____ and the prefix ____ or ____

Carbonyl (C=O)

the reactivity of this is dictated by the polarity of the double bond. The carbon has a partial positive charge and is therefore electrophilic

Higher

carbonyl-containing compounds have _________ boiling points than equivalent alkanes because of dipole interactions

Alcohols

have higher boiling points than carbonyls because of hydrogen bonding

Aldehydes and Ketones

are commonly produced by oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, respectively

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)

weaker, anhydrous oxidizing agents like this must be used for synthesizing aldehydes, or the reaction will continue oxidizing to the level of the carboxylic acid

Ketones

various oxidizing agents can be used for these, such as dichromate, chromium trioxide, or PCC because these are the most oxidized functional group for secondary carbons

Pi

when a nucleophile attacks and forms a bond with a carbonyl carbon, electrons in this bond are pushed to the oxygen atom

No; Aldehydes and Ketones

if there is ______ good leaving group (________), the carbonyl will remain open and is protonated to form an alcohol

A; Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives

if there is _____ good leaving group (_________), the carbonyl will reform and kick off the leaving group

Hydration; Geminal Diol

in ________ reactions, water adds to a carbonyl, forming a ________

Hemiacetal

when one equivalent of alcohol reacts with an aldehyde via nucleophilic addition, this is formed

Hemiketal

when one equivalent of alcohol reacts with a ketone via nucleophilic addition, this is formed

Acetal

when another equivalent of alcohol reacts with a hemiacetal via nucleophilic substitution, this is formed

Ketal

when another equivalent of alcohol reacts with a hemiketal via nucleophilic substitution, this is formed

Nitrogen

this and its derivatives react with carbonyls to form imines, oximes, hydrazones, and semicarbazones

Enamines

imines can tautomerize to form this

Cyanohydrins

hydrogen cyanide reacts with carbonyls to form this

Carboxylic Aids

aldehydes can be oxidized to these using an oxidizing agent like KMnO4, CrO3, Ag2O, or H2O2

Hydride Reagents (LiAlH4, NaBH4)

aldehydes can be reduced to primary alcohols via these

Cannot; Secondary Alcohols

ketones ________ be further oxidized and can be reduced to _________ using the same hydride reagents (LiAlH4, NaBH4)