Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy

Flashcards based on key concepts from the lecture on Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy.

Macronutrients

Required for normal body functions; include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Micronutrients

Necessary for survival in smaller amounts; include vitamins and minerals.

Nutrient Pools

Current stocks of nutrients that can be interconverted as needed by the body.

Amino Acid Pool

The body's supply of free amino acids used for protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and fat storage.

Carbohydrate Pool

The body's supply of carbohydrates used for energy production and fat storage.

Absorptive State

The state where nutrients are being absorbed from the diet and utilized for energy or stored.

Postabsorptive State

The state where the body relies on stored nutrients for energy after the absorption of nutrients has ceased.

Glycogenesis

The process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

Gluconeogenesis

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources when glucose is needed.

Lipogenesis

The process of converting excess carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids for storage.

Ketogenesis

The process of converting Acetyl CoA into ketone bodies, typically during starvation or uncontrolled diabetes.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The amount of energy required for basic physiological functions at rest.

Total Metabolic Rate (TMR)

The total energy output of the body including all activities and metabolic processes.

Thyroxine

A hormone that regulates metabolism and is crucial for determining BMR.

Metabolic Ketoacidosis

A condition resulting from elevated levels of ketone bodies that lowers blood pH.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP, releasing CO2 and water.

Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes that use H+ ions to produce ATP in cellular respiration.

Thermoregulatory Center

The hypothalamus, which controls heat production and loss to maintain body temperature.

Acidosis

A condition characterized by an excessively acidic environment in the body, affecting normal cellular function.