Vocabulary Workshop Level F Unit 10, Level F, Unit 9, Level F, Unit 8, Level F Unit 7, Vocabulary Level F Unit 6

accrue

(v.) to grow or accumulate over time; to happen as a natural result

synonyms: collect, accumulate, proceed from

antonyms: dwindle, decrease, diminish, lessen

annotation

(n.) a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work

bedlam

(n.) a state or scene of uproar and confusion

synonyms: commotion, pandemonium, chaos, anarchy

antonyms: peace and quiet, order, tranquility

covert

(adj.) hidden, disguised, purposefully kept secret; sheltered, secluded; (n.) a sheltered place, a hiding place

synonyms: (adj.) undercover, clandestine, sub-rosa

antonyms: (adj.) open, overt, undisguised

debonair

(adj.) pleasant, courteous, lighthearted; smooth and polished in manner and appearance

synonyms: carefree, jaunty, gracious, suave, urbane

antonyms: distraught, agitated, boorish, churlish

dun

(v.) to demand insistently, especially in payment of a debt; (n.) a creditor; (adj.) dark, dull, drab, dingy

synonyms: (v.) hound, pester, harass, nag

efficacious

(adj.) effective, producing results

synonyms: effectual, efficient, potent, powerful

antonyms: ineffective, worthless, useless

equanimity

(n.) calmness, composure, refusal to panic

synonyms: tranquility, imperturbability

antonyms: excitability, flappability, agitation

fortuitous

(adj.) accidental, occurring by a happy chance

synonyms: unintentional, unplanned, random, lucky

antonyms: intentional, deliberate, premeditated

gist

(n.) the essential part, main part, or essence

synonyms: substance, core, nucleus

gratuitous

(adj.) freely given; not called for by circumstances, unwarranted

synonyms: voluntary, unjustified, uncalled-for

antonyms: justified, warranted

imperious

(adj.) overbearing, arrogant; seeking to dominate; pressing, compelling

synonyms: domineering, magisterial, urgent, imperative

antonyms: fawning, obsequious, humble, unassuming

invective

(n.) a strong denunciation or condemnation; abusive language; (adj.) abusive, vituperative

synonyms: (n.) vituperation, abuse, diatribe, philippic

antonyms: (n.) tribute, panegyric, encomium

motley

(adj.) showing great variety, composed of different elements or many colors; (n.) a jester's costume; a jester

synonyms: (adj.) variegated, heterogeneous, diverse; (n.) fool

antonyms: (adj.) uniform, homogenous, monochromatic

munificent

(adj.) extremely generous, lavish

synonyms: bounteous, liberal

antonyms: stingy, miserly, tightfisted, parsimonious

procrastinate

(v.) to delay, put off until later

synonyms: stall, temporize, dillydally

provocative

(adj.) tending to produce a strong feeling or response; arousing desire or appetite; irritating, annoying

synonyms: stimulating, arousing, vexing, galling

antonyms: dull, insipid, bland, unstimulating

recondite

(adj.) exceeding ordinary knowledge and understanding

synonyms: esoteric, arcane, profound, abstruse

antonyms: simple, uncomplicated

reprobate

(n.) a depraved, vicious, or unprincipled person, scoundrel; (adj.) wicked, corrupt, or unprincipled; (v.) to disapprove of, condemn

synonyms: (n.) scoundrel, blackguard; (adj.) immoral, corrupt

antonyms: (n.) saint; (adj.) upright, virtuous, moral

sedentary

(adj.) characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place

synonyms: seated, stationary, static

antonyms: active, peripatetic, migratory

abate

(v.) to make less in amount, degree, etc.; to subside, become less; to nullify; to deduct, omit

Synonyms: diminish, decrease, subside, let up

Antonyms: intensify, increase, magnify, wax

adulation

(n) praise or flattery that is excessive

Synonyms: adoration, idolization, hero-worship

Antonyms: ridicule, derision, odium

anathema

(n.) an object of intense dislike; a curse or stong denunciation (often used adjectivally without the article)

Synonyms: abomination, imprecation, malediction

Antonyms: benediction, blessing

astute

(adj.) shrewd, crafty, showing practical wisdom'

Synonyms: shrewd, acute, sagacious, judicious, wily

Antonyms: Obtuse, doltish, empty-headed, dumb

avarice

(n.) a greedy desire, particularly for wealth

Synonyms: cupidity, rapacity, acquisitiveness

culpable

(adj.) deserving blame, worthy of condemnation

Synonyms : guilty, delinquent, peccant, blameworthy

Antonyms: blameless, innocent, laudable, meritorious

dilatory

(adj.) tending to delay or procrastinate, not prompt; intended to delay or postpone

Synonyms: stalling, slow, tardy, laggard

Antonyms:prompt, punctual, speedy, expeditious

egregious

(adj) conspicuous, standing out from the mass (used particularly in an unfavorable sense)

Synonyms: glaring, flagrant, blatant

Antonyms: unnoticeable, paltry, piddling

equivocate

(v.) to speak or act in a way that allows for more than one interpretation, to be deliberately vague or ambiguous

Synonyms: to speak out of both sides of one's mouth, palter, hedge

Antonyms: to speak one's mind plainly

evanescent

(adj.) vanishing, soon passing away; light and airy

Synonyms: ephemeral, transient, transitory

Antonyms: everlasting, immortal, imperishable

irresolute

(adj.) unable to make up one's mind; hesitating

Synonyms: indecisive, vacillating, wavering

Antonyms: determined, decisive, unwavering

nebulous

(adj.) cloudlike, resembling a cloud; cloudy in color, not transparent; vague, confused, indistinct

Synonyms: hazy, fuzzy, cloudy, vague, murky, opaque, indeterminate

Antonyms: definite, distinct, clear, sharply focused

novice

(n.) one who is just a beginner at some activity requiring skill and experience (also used adjectivally)

Synonyms: neophyte, tyro, trainee, apprentice

Antonyms: veteran, past paster, pro, expert

penury

(n.) extreme poverty; barrenness, insufficiency

Synonyms: destitution, want, indigence

Antonyms: alluence, luxury

pretentious

(adj.) done for show, striving to make a big impression; claiming merit or position unjustifiably; making demands on one's skill or abilities, ambitious

Synonyms: inflated, ostentatious

Antonyms: unaffected, modest

recapitulate

(v.) to review a series of facts; to sum up

Synonyms: review, summarize, sum up, go over

resuscitate

(v.) to revive, bring back to consciousness or existence

syn: revitalize, reanimate, restore, reactivate

slovenly

(adj.) untidy, dirty, careless

Synonyms: unkempt, slatternly, slipshod, lax

Antonyms: neat, meticulous

supposition

(n.) something that is assumed or taken for granted without conclusive evidence

Synonyms: assumption, presumption, hypothesis

torpid

(adj.) inactive, sluggish, dull

Synonyms: sluggish, lethargic, otiose, languid

Antonyms: energetic, vigorous

acrimonious

(adj.) stinging, bitter in temper or tone

SYNONYMS: biting, rancorous, hostile, peevish

ANTONYMS: gentle, warm, mild, cordial

bovine

(adj.) resembling a cow or ox; sluggish, unresponsive

SYNONYMS: stolid, dull, slow, stupid

ANTONYMS: sharp, bright, keen, quick

consternation

(n.) dismay, confusion

SYNONYMS: shock, amazement, bewilderment, dismay

ANTONYMS: calm, composure, aplomb

corpulent

(adj.) fat; having a large, bulky body

SYNONYMS: overweight, heavy, obese, stout, portly

ANTONYMS: slender, lean, spare, gaunt, emaciated

disavow

(v.) to deny responsibility for or connection with

SYNONYMS: disclaim, retract, abjure

ANTONYMS: acknowledge, admit, grant, certify

dispassionate

(adj.) impartial; calm, free from emotion

SYNONYMS: unbiased, disinterest, cool, detached

ANTONYMS: committed, engaged, partial, biased

dissension

(n.) disagreement, sharp difference of opinion

SYNONYMS: strife, discord, contention

ANTONYMS: agreement, accord, harmony

dissipate

(v.) to cause to disappear; to scatter, dispel; to spend foolishly, squander; to be extravagant in pursuit of pleasure

SYNONYMS: disperse, strew, diffuse, waste

ANTONYMS: gather, collect, conserve, husband

expurgate

(v.) to remove objectionable passages or words from a written text; to cleanse, purify

SYNONYMS: purge, censor, bowdlerize

gauntlet

(n.) an armored or protective glove; a challenge; two lines of men armed with weapons with which to beat a person forced to run between them; an ordeal

SYNONYMS: dare, provocation, trial, punishment

hypothetical

(adj.) based on an assumption or guess; used as a provisional or tentative idea to guide or direct investigation

SYNONYMS: assumed, supposed, conditional

ANTONYMS: actual, real, tested, substantiated

ignoble

(adj.) mean, low, base

SYNONYMS: inferior, unworthy, sordid

ANTONYMS: admirable, praiseworthy, lofty, noble

impugn

(v.) to call into question; to attack as false

SYNONYMS: challenge, deny, dispute, query, question

ANTONYMS: confirm, prove, verify, validate

intemperate

(adj.) immoderate, lacking in self-control; inclement

SYNONYMS: excessive, extreme, unrestrained, inordinate

ANTONYMS: moderate, restrained, cool and collected

odium

(n.) hatred, contempt; disgrace of infamy resulting from hateful conduct

SYNONYMS: abhorrence, opprobrium, shame, ignominy

ANTONYMS: esteem, admiration, approbation

perfidy

(n.) faithlessness, treachery

SYNONYMS: betrayal, disloyalty, treason

ANTONYMS: faithfulness, loyalty, steadfastness

relegate

(v.) to place in a lower position; to assign, refer, turn over; to banish

SYNONYMS: transfer, consign, demote, exile

ANTONYMS: promote, elevate, advance, recall

squeamish

(adj.) inclined to nausea; easily shocked or upset; excessively fastidious or refined

SYNONYMS: nauseated, queasy, delicate, oversensitive, priggish

subservient

(adj.) subordinate in capacity or role; submissively obedient; serving to promote some end

SYNONYMS: secondary, servile, obsequious, useful

ANTONYMS: primary, principal, bossy, domineering

susceptible

(adj.) open to; easily influenced; lacking in resistance

SYNONYMS: vulnerable, receptive, impressionable

ANTONYMS: resistant, immune

Austere

severe or stern in manner; without adornment or luxury; simple, harsh

Beneficent

performing acts of kindness or charity; conferring benefits, doing good

Cadaverous

pale, gaunt, resembling a corpse

Concoct

to prepare by combining ingredients, make up (as a dish); to devise, invent

Crass

coarse, unfeeling; stupid

Debase

to lower in character, quality, or value; to degrade, adulterate

Desecrate

to commit sacrilege; to treat irreverently

Desist

to cease doing something, forbear

Disconcert

to confuse; to disturb the composure of

Grandiose

grand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affectation or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated

Inconsequential

trifling, unimportant

Infraction

a breaking of a law or obligation

Mitigate

to make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity

Pillage

(v.) to rob of goods by open force (as in war), plunder

(n.) the act of looting; booty

Prate

to talk a great deal in a foolish or aimless fashion

Punctilious

very careful and exact, attentive to fine points of etiquette or propriety

Redoubtable

inspiring fear or awe

Reprove

to find fault with, scold, rebuke

Restitution

the act of restoring something to the rightful owner, making good for loss or damage

Stalwart

(adj.) strong and sturdy; brave; resolute

(n.) a strong supporter

Stipend

a fixed sum of money paid periodically for services or to defray expenses

Vulnerable

open to attack; capable of being wounded or damaged; unprotected

anomalous

adj. abnormal, irregular, departing from the usual

aspersion

n. a damaging or derogatory statement; the act of slandering or defaming

bizarre

adj. extremely strange, unusual atypical

brusque

adj. abrupt, blunt, with no formalities

cajole

v. to coax, persuade through flattery or artifice; to deceive with soothing thoughts or false premises

castigate

v. to punish severely; to criticize severely

contrive

v. to plan with ingenuity, invent; to bring about as the result of a scheme or plan

demagogue

n. a leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power

disabuse

v. to free from deception or error, set right in ideas or thinking

ennui

n. weariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom

fetter

n. a chain or shackle placed on the feet (often used in plural); anything that confines or restrains; v. to chain or shackle; to render helpless or impotent

heinous

adj. very wicked, offensive, hateful

immutable

adj. not subject to change, constant

insurgent

n. one who rebels or rises against authority; adj. rising in revolt, refusing to accept authority; surging or rushing in or on

megalomania

n. a delusion marked by a feeling of power, wealth, talent, etc. far in excess of reality

sinecure

n. a position requiring little or no work; an easy job

surreptitious

adj. stealthy, secret, intended to escape observation; made or accomplished by fraud

transgress

v. to go beyond a limit or boundary; to sin, violate a law