Immunology

Lymphoid

T-cells, B-cells, and NK lymphocytes all originate from ______________ stem cells

myeloid

Erythrocytes, megakarycytes, monocytes, and macrophages, and granulocytes all originate from _________ stem cells

multipotent

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells original from __________ stem cells in the bone marrow

integumentary system

This is the first of the three lines of immune defense that includes the skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, and microbiome (mucosal epithelia)

Non-Specific Immunity (Innate)

Immunity that is Rapid, cell-based, general elimination of pathogens and/or infected cells

Specific Immunity (Adaptive)

Immunity that involves b cells and t cells recognizing specific antigens (slower response)

interferons

Dendritic cells can release ____________ which launch an on virus (sometimes prescribed as an antiviral medication)

Toll-Like Receptor (TRR)

A specific Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) on dendritic cells that recognizes pathogens on non-human cells, such as peptidoglycan. (which eventually triggers the first line of response in the innate immune system such as the release of cytokines, interferons, etc.)

Cytokines

A general term for small proteins or glycoprotiens that can signal between molecules in the immune system

Chemokines

Small proteins or glycoproteins that signal for cells to move in a certain dircection

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Receptors found on the surface of phagocytic cells that recognize a chemical on the outside of a pathogen (PAMP - pathogen associated molecular pattern) which then binds the pathogen.

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

After a phagocytic cell has digested an antigen, it displays antigen fragments on its cell surface and is now referred to as... (This reports to other cells about the pathogen it is processing)

mast cells

These cells in the innate immune response system secrete chemokines to attrack other immune cells to the site of the wound

macrophage

In the innate immune response, this cell releases cytokines into the blood stream in addition to working as a phagocytic cell

neutrophils

In the innate immune response system, these cells also are phagocytic (but we didn't talk about them much)

Increased blood flow

What causes increased redness and warmth at the site of a cut/infection?

Increased capillary permeability to proteins

What causes increased swelling at the site of a cut/infection?

Cytokines (related to inflammatory response)

Acute-phase proteins, histamine, interleukins, bradykinin, and complement proteins are all _____ related to the inflammatory response that attract other immune cells and uses response as a physical barrier to isolate the infection.

Humoral Immunity

Immunity directed by antibodies released from B cells (turned plasma cells) that recognize specific antigens

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Immunity directed by t-cells binding antigens already bound on the surface of "APCs" (Remember, t-cells attack invaders inside of cells)

Immunoglobulins (gamma globulins)

Another term for antibodies

IgG

Primary type of antibody we focused on in class.

IgA

Antibodies in external secretions including breast milk.

Fab (variable) region

'fragment antigen binding' Part of the antibody that recognizes the antigen

Fc

fragment constant region of the antibody that is recognized by macrophages for phagocytosis

Disulfide Bonds

How are heavy and light chains of the antibody bound together?

Cause clumping of antigen

What do antibodies do? Other than tagging antibodies for phagocytosis, this is another way that antibodies can prevent the action of the antigen in the body

Activate Complement

This is an action of antibodies that creates holes in the surface of an antigen that would lead for the cell to lyse

Degranulation

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Activate B Lymphocytes

Important action of antibodies that leads to the creation of plasma cells and memory cells in order to secrete more antibodies

Primary Immune Response

This is the response of a person in their first exposure to an antigen... antibody concentration peaks about 2 weeks after their exposure

Secondary Immune Response

Much faster and robust immune response to an antigen due to the clonal expansion that happened in the primary immune response (either due to prior infection or due to vaccines)** it is unknown how long this lasts

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Plasma cells have a lot of __________ because they will be making a lot of antibodies and therefore need the area for ribosomes to make and secrete proteins

Thymus

Immature lymphoid stem cells move from the bone marrow to the _________________ where they mature into either cytotoxic T-cells or Helper t-cells. They also check for 'self' and 'non-self' reactivity here.

T-Cell Receptors

Receptors found on both Tc and Th that allow the T-cells to bind to target cells

CD8

protein found on the surface of cytotoxic t-cells that helps binding

CD4

protein found on the surface of HELPER t-cells that helps binding

Tc

These t-cells have CD8 protein on their cells surface and eliminate infected tumor cells by binding with MHC class I on foreign cells or on APCs (for example, a viral protein complexed with MHC protein).

MHC class I

Found on every nucleated cell of the body (not RBC or sperm) --> Tc uses this to recognize foreign cells (This is the reason why organ donations may be rejected)

MHC Class II

protein presented on APCs (macrophages, activated B cells, activated t-cells, and thymus cells). Th binds with these proteins and directs the immune response in response to these antigen presenting cells.

Th

Have CD4 protein on its surface, binds MHC class II protein, and directs the immune response

Perforin

When Tc cells bind to the MHC I of foreign cells, it secretes ____________ which leads to the apoptotic cellular response of 'blebbing'

HLA

This is the gene that codes for the MHC I protein (Major histocompatibility complex) *** note, certain alleles may have a higher frequency of an autoimmune disease

NK (natural killer)

Cells that can work like t cells (not as specific, run the fine line between the innate and adaptive immune system)

B cells and cytotoxic t-cells

The helper t-cell communicates between ________ and ________ by releasing cytokines and facilitating the full immune response

Immunodeficiency Diseases

SCID, Hodgkin's disease (cancer of lymphatic system), and AIDS are all examples of....

Viral RNA

In the early stages of HIV, a _________ test would be effective in detecting an infection because it is high at the initial stages of the disease (in contrast to a test for antibodies which are still low)

HIV antibody tests

Common test to detect for HIV - more effective later in the disease state

Th (CD4 lympocytes)

The progression of HIV to AIDS is dependent on the count of ___________

CD4 and CCR5

What is the viral receptor and the coreceptor for HIV?

GP120

What is the protein on the surface of HIV which binds to CD4 (and CCR5) to infect the helper t cells

Acute, Chronic, AIDS

What are the three stages of the HIV infection (where heterogeneity of the virus increases over time) (in the early stages, we may see opportunistic infections, in the later stages people often get karposi's sarcoma)

Polyclonal

The normal antibody response in the body meaning that several different B cells recognize different antigenic sites and undergo expansion

Light and Heavy Chain

The variable region of an IgG Antibody is made of both ___________ structures are large 'loops' (random coils) that can interact with the antigen via Ionic bonding and IMFs

V (50) D (27) J (6)

Three different regions of DNA that contributes to the diversity of the variable region on antibody assembly (over a trillion combos possible)

spleen

To make specific antibodies, first you inject a mouse (or another animal) with the antigen, isolate antibody forming cells from the ________, grow them in culture, and then isolate the antibodies

Antibody Titer Test

What test would we use to determine if someone has been exposed to a specific antigen?

Western Blot

This assay uses antibodies to detect the presence and expression levels of a specific protein

Conjugated Secondary Antibody

Antibody that carries a 'reporter conjugate' such as a fluorescent or radioactive tag that recognizes the Fc region of a primary antibody. (modular system)

Immunoprecipitation

Process of 'Fishing out' a protein using antibodies. 1) Lysate a cell 2) Incubate with Antibodies 3) Centrifuge to isolate antibody complex 4) add salt to disrupt ionic interactions and isolate protein of interest

Elisa Assay

For this assay, the plate comes with the capture antibody attached (like the second plate of a pregnancy test). Then the plasm or another fluid is added and the target binds to the plate. A second conjugated antibody that recognized the target is then added and color is measured.

'mab'

short for 'monoclonal antibody treatment' - lets you know that a drug is antibody based

HRIG (human rabies immune globulin)

antibodies taken from people who survived rabies - used as a treatment for people with new infection

Rituximab, cetuximab

Drugs that target proteins associated with specific types of cancer

angiogenesis

Bevacizumab (avastin) binds to VEG-F to prevent __________

C. Difficile

Bezlotoxumab binds to a toxin secreated by cells associated with ____________ that treats the symptoms of the infection

Radio-labeled Antibody

Zevalin (ibritumomad) is a ______________ that binds to a CD20 receptor found on normal and malignant b-cells that releases gamma and beta rays. It is used as a targeted drug to treat Hodgkin's lympoma

HcG

Hormone detected on a pregnancy test