chapter 16 human growth and development

What is involved in Erikson’s final stage of development, Integrity vs. Despair?

| Avoiding regret by making amends

| Reflecting on one’s life and forming a positive or negative evaluation

| Planning for end-of-life care

| Developing independence from children

Reflecting on one’s life and forming a positive or negative evaluation

What is a Life Review?

| Writing a will and planning one’s funeral

| Evaluating and interpreting one's past experiences

| Talking to a therapist about current problems

| Creating a biography for family members

Evaluating and interpreting one's past experiences

What is Reminiscence Therapy?

| Avoiding negative emotional experiences from the past

| Discussing past activities and experiences in a therapeutic setting

| Rewriting traumatic memories with a therapist

| Training older adults to improve memory

Discussing past activities and experiences in a therapeutic setting

What does Activity Theory propose?

| Older adults are most satisfied when they rest more

| Family interactions are the key to happiness in old age

| Staying active and involved leads to greater life satisfaction

| Retirement should be a time for relaxation

Staying active and involved leads to greater life satisfaction

According to Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, what changes in older adults?

| They seek new physical-based goals

| They develop anxiety over missed opportunities

| They become more socially active to avoid loneliness

| They prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships

They prioritize emotionally meaningful relationships

Selective Optimization with Compensation Theory emphasizes what?

| Status, health, and independence

| Isolation, resilience, and acceptance

| Selection, optimization, and compensation

| Support, cooperation, and tradition

Selection, optimization, and compensation

What does “Selection” refer to in late adulthood?

| Choosing a retirement home

| Selecting new physical challenges

| Selecting which family members to interact with

| Reducing life activities to those most valued due to reductions in performance

Reducing life activities to those most valued due to reductions in performance

What is meant by “Optimization”?

| Changing roles to match energy levels

| Avoiding difficult tasks altogether

| Maintaining performance through continued practice

| Optimizing finances for retirement

Maintaining performance through continued practice

What does “Compensation” involve in older adulthood?

| Hiring others to do physical tasks

| Using strategies or tools to maintain functioning

| Retreating from social obligations

| Accepting failure gracefully

Using strategies or tools to maintain functioning

Conscientiousness is associated with which of the following outcomes?

| Lower social support needs

| Decreased openness to experience

| Increased anxiety and stress

| Longer life and less cognitive decline

Longer life and less cognitive decline

High neuroticism in older adults is linked to what?

| Enhanced memory recall

| Increased cognitive flexibility

| Negative emotions and shorter lifespan

| Higher marital satisfaction

Negative emotions and shorter lifespan

As older adults near death, what happens to Openness to Experience?

| It becomes unpredictable

| It remains stable

| It declines

| It increases sharply

It declines

What is Ageism?

| Prejudice based on a person’s age

| The study of aging and longevity

| A law protecting the rights of the elderly

| A theory of cognitive decline

Prejudice based on a person’s age

Compared to single older adults, married older adults tend to:

| Struggle with independence

| Live longer and report greater happiness

| Have less access to resources

| Experience more social isolation

Live longer and report greater happiness

The majority of divorced older adults are:

| Never-married individuals

| Women

| Men

| Widows

Women

What contributes to increased remarriage among older adults?

| Declining interest in independence

| Social pressure from family

| Rising divorce rates and better health

| Legal benefits of marriage

Rising divorce rates and better health

What is the main reason older adults cohabitate?

| Companionship |

Religious obligations

| Sexual intimacy

| Caregiving needs

Companionship

For older adults, being in a relationship is linked to:

| Reduced anxious and avoidant attachment

| Less motivation to seek friendships

| Increased attachment anxiety

| Decreased daily functioning

Reduced anxious and avoidant attachment

Who is most likely to be involved in the lives of older adults?

| Siblings

| Adult daughters

| Friends

| Adult sons

Adult daughters

What does the Social Convoy Model propose?

| Older adults should move to assisted living

| Social obligations decrease over time

| Individuals are embedded in support networks

| Relationships change frequently with age

Individuals are embedded in support networks

What is Social Integration?

| The merging of cultural identities

| The reliance on institutional support

| The promotion of diversity in old age

| The extent to which individuals engage in social exchanges

The extent to which individuals engage in social exchanges

What describes Normal Aging?

| Gradual decline after early midlife

| Peak functioning in early adulthood, plateauing, then modestly declining through the 80s

| Rapid cognitive decline followed by stability

| Complete loss of cognitive function by age 90

Peak functioning in early adulthood, plateauing, then modestly declining through the 80s

What characterizes Pathological Aging?

| Aging with minimal illness

| More than average decline, often with chronic illness

| Maintaining health and independence

| Emotional growth despite physical decline

More than average decline, often with chronic illness

What defines Successful Aging?

| Slower declines in physical, cognitive, and emotional function

| Increasing dependence on family caregivers

| Frequent medical visits and family support

| Avoiding contact with younger generations

Slower declines in physical, cognitive, and emotional function

What is Self-Efficacy?

| Confidence in producing positive outcomes

| Dependence on others for care

| A sense of physical well-being

| Maintaining independence through isolation

Confidence in producing positive outcomes