JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Code of Hammurabi

“An eye for an eye’’

Roman Law and Canon (church) law

Age of Responsaibility.

Ancient Jewish Law

immaturity was to be considered in imposing a punishment.

Codification of Roman Law

‘‘Twelve Tables’’. children were criminally responsible for violation of law and were to dealt the same way as adults.

Anglo Saxon Common Law (Law based on custom or usage)

Children under 7 years old were presumed incapable of forming criminal intent and therefore were not subject to criminal sanctions.

Act 1601

Provided for involuntary separation of children from their impovershed parents, and these children were then placed in bondage to local residents as apprentices.

PD 603

The Child and Youth Welfare Code.

R.A 9344

15 below are expempted from criminal liability over 15 and below 18 are likewise exepmted unless acted with discernment and this child are called ‘‘Child in Conflict with Law’’.

Pope Clement XI

established the Hospital of St. Michael’s, the first institution for the treatment of juvenile offenders.

Robert Young

established the first private, separate institution for youthful offenders in England.

Albert K. Cohen

The first man who attempted to fiond out the process of beginning the delinquent subculture.

Kingwood Reformatory

established for the confinment of the ‘hordes of unruly children who infested the streets of new industrial towns’ in England.

Bridewells

It was the first houses of corrections in England.

Hospice of San Michele

Saint Michael was established in 1704, John Howard, a reformer, brought to England from Rome a model of the first institution for treating juvenile offenders.

In re Winship

It established proof beyond a reasonable doubt as the standard for juvenile adjudication proceedings, eliminating lesser standards such as a preponderance of the evidence.

Breed v. Jones

It recognized that a juvenile cannot be adjudicated in a Juvenile court and then tried for the same offense in an adult crime double jeopardy)

Kent v United states

provided the procedural requirements for waiver to criminal court as articulated by the U.S Supreme Court.

In re Gault

The court held that juvenile courts must provide the basic procedural protection that the Bill of Rights guarantee to adults, including timely advance notice of the charges.

American Bar Association

It endorsed the decriminalization of status offenses, urging that juvenile delinquency liability should include only such conduct as would be designated a crime if committed by an adult.

Schall v. Martin

The Supreme court upheld the state’s right to place juveniles in preventive detention.

Social

an aggressive youth who resents the authority if anyone who make an effort to control his behavior.

Neurotic

he has internalized his conflicts and preoccupied with his own feelings

Asocial

this delinquent at have a cold, brutal, ficious quality for which the youth feels no humors.

Accidental

he is less identifiable in his character, essentially socialize law abiding but too happens to be at the wrong place at the wrong time and becomes involved in some delinquent act not typical of his general behavior.

Emergence

the child begins with petty larceny between 8-12 years.

Exploration

he or she then move on to shoplifting and vandalism between 12-14 years.

Conflagration

at around 15, four or more types of crimes are added.

Outburst

Those who continue on adulthood will progress into more sophisticated or more violent form of criminal behavior.

Unsocialized Aggression

Rejected or abandoned, No parents to imitate and become aggressive.

Social Delinquency

Membership of fraternities or groups that advocate bad things.

Over-inhibited

Group secretly trained to do illegal activities, like marijuana cultivation.

Biogenic Approach

views the law breaker as a person whose misconduct is the result of faulty biology.

Psychogenic Approach

the offender behaves as she or he does in response to psychological pathology of some kind.

Sociogenic Approach

attributes the variations in delinquency pattern to influence social structures.

Predisposing Factor

Inclinations or inherited propensities, which cannot be, considered a criminal one unless there is a probablity that a crime will be committed.

Precipitating Factor

Elements which provokes crimes or factors that are signified to the everyday adjustments of an individual, like personal problem, necessities, ignorance, and disease.

The criminal gang

Emergence in areas conventional as well as non-conventional values of behavior are integrated by a close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses.

The Conflict/Violent gang

This gang aims to find reputation for toughness and destructive violence.

The reatrist gang

Is equally unsuccessful in legitimate as well as illegitimate means. They are known as double failures, thus reatriting into a world of sex, drugs, and alcohol.

The Social Disorganization Theory

disorganized areas cannot exert social control over acting-out youth; these areas can be identified by their relatively high level of change, fear, instability, incivility, poverty and deterioration, and these factors have a direct influence on the area’s delinquency rate.

Anomie theory

Breakdown of social orders as results of loss of standard and values that replaced social cohesion

Strain Theory

This theory assumes that children are basically good. Only under pressure do they deviate.

Differential Oppression

This theory argues that adult perception of children force youth into socially defined and controlled inferior roles, including the socially constructed ‘‘juvenile delinquency’’ role that separates youthful and adult offenders for treatment and control.

Differential Association Theory

asserts that criminal behavior is primarily learned within interpersonal groups and that youths will become delinquent if definitions they have learned favorable to violating the law exceed definitions gavorbale to obeying the law within the group.

Social Learning Theory

This theory view that behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through intimate contact with others, or indirectly through media; interactions that are rewarded are acopied, where as those that are punished are avoided.

Drift Theory

It proposed that juveniles sense a moral obligation to be bound by the law.

Labeling Theory

Crime is caused by societal reactions to behavior, which include exposure to the Juvenile Justice System.

Social Control Theory

states that members in society form bonds with other members in society or institution in society such as parents, pro-social friends, and churches, schools, teachers, and sports teams.

Self-derogation Theory

states that all motivated to maximize our self-esteem, motivation to conform will be minimized by family, school, and peer interactions that devalue our sense of self, interactions and behavior may be self-defacing or self-embracing

R.A 6809

Lowering the age maturity from 21 to 18 years old.

R.A. 10630

An Act Strengthening the Juvenile Justice System in the Philippines.

R.A. 7610

‘‘Special Protection of Children Against Abuse; Exploitation and Discrimination Act’’

R.A 8369

Family Court

R.A 8552

Act establishing the rules and polices on the domestic adoption of Filipino children or also known as ‘‘Domestic Adoption Act of 1995

R.A. 8043

Inter-country Adoption Act of 1995

Detention Home (bahay Pag-asa)

A twenty four hour child caring institution providing short term resident care for youthful offenders who are awaiting court disposition of their cases or transfer to other agencies or jurisdiction

Shelter care Institution

one that provides temporary protection and care to children requiring emergency reception as a result of forfuitous events, abandonment by parents, dangerous conditions of neglect or cruelty in the home, being without adult care because of crisis in the family.

Receiving homes

family type homes which provides temporary shelter from ten to twenty days for children who shall during this period be under observation and study for eventual placement by the Department of Social Welfare.