Electricity 1

What subatomic particle has a negative charge and is the only one that can be transferred during charging?

Electron

According to the Law of Conservation of Charge, what happens to charges when an object becomes electrified?

Charges are only transferred from one object to another; they are neither created nor destroyed.

If a neutral object loses electrons, what type of net electrical charge does it acquire?

Positive charge

Which early historical model suggested that electricity was an invisible, sticky substance pulling objects together?

The Effluvium Model (Sticky Hand Model)

In Benjamin Franklin’s One-Fluid Model, how was an object determined to be negatively charged?

It lost the natural amount of electrical fluid.

What type of charging process occurs when a charged object comes into direct contact with a neutral conductive object?

Conduction

Describe the behavior of electrons during the process of induction.

Electrons shift or move within the uncharged object due to the proximity of a nearby charged object, without any direct physical contact.

What is the main structural difference between an electrical conductor and an electrical insulator?

Conductors allow electrons to flow freely through them, while insulators hold onto their electrons tightly and resist their movement.

Why does pure, distilled water act as a poor electrical conductor while sea water conducts electricity well?

Sea water contains dissolved ions and minerals (like salt) that are free to move and carry an electrical charge.

What is the purpose of electrical grounding, such as utilizing a grounding wire or a lightning rod?

To safely direct excess electrical buildup or lightning strikes directly into the Earth to dissipate the charge.

How does electrostatic spray painting ensure that paint particles efficiently coat an object uniformly?

The object is given a positive charge, and the paint is given a negative charge, causing the paint to be strongly attracted to and bond with the object.

In a photocopier, what type of electrical charge is applied to the black toner powder so that it sticks to the illuminated areas of the drum?

Negative charge

According to Plutarch's early "Hot Air Model," what did he mistakenly believe caused amber to attract bits of straw?

He believed the rubbed amber heated the surrounding air, causing the air to swirl around and push the straw toward the amber.

Which atomic model first introduced the idea of an atom containing negatively charged "plums" embedded inside a positively charged "pudding"?

Thomson's Plum Pudding Model

How did Rutherford’s Model of the Atom change our understanding of where protons and electrons are located?

He discovered that atoms have a tiny, dense, positively charged core (the nucleus) containing protons, with negative electrons circulating around it.

On a large scale, what physical action inside a cloud produces the static electricity that leads to lightning?

Air particles crashing into each other, which separates the positive (+) and negative (-) charges.

When lightning strikes, in which direction does the massive build-up of negative charge shoot?

The negative charge shoots from the base of the cloud down towards the positive ground.

Based on the safety statistics in the notes, how often is the Eiffel Tower in Paris struck by lightning each year compared to a typical building?

The Eiffel Tower is struck 10 times a year, while a typical building is only struck once every 63 years.

What specific safety device is used on refueling trucks to prevent dangerous static charge build-up caused by the transfer of fuel?

Ground straps