hmi202 - Week 8 Urinary

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Please label the kidney

Please label

What are the kidneys responsible for?

Creating urine

How does the kidneys transport that urine away from themselves

• Using the two ureters

  • Ureters travel down the posterior wall of the abdomen before going across the pelvic brim and down into the pelvic cavity

Please label

Label the pathway

Please label

What are the kidneys responsible for?

Creating urine

How does the kidney transport urine away from themselves

Using two ureters

Discuss the pathway of the ureters and what it usually goes across

Ureters travel down the posterior wall of the abdomen before going across the pelvic brim and down into the pelvic cavity

Where does the ureters take the urine down?

Urinary bladder

What is able to separate the both genders?

The urethra, because in males it goes down the penile tissue

Why does the kidney not come into contact with the peritoneum?

There are two layers of fat and connective tissue that separates them from that entire cavity

What does the shape of the kidney mean

Small curve (medially) and larger curve

• The small curve has everything that goes in and out of a kidney meeint it

Purpose of the hilum?

Single entry and exit point

Which kidney is lower?

Right kidney because of the liver pushing down on the kidney. Because of that the left is slightly higher, usually by one vertebral level

What happens if we have too much volume?

Elevated blood pressure

Nephritis?

Inflammation of the kidney in their functional units

What are the trans-pyloric planes relevant for?

Clinically relaxant for hilum heights of the kidney

Where are the trans-pyloric planes located?

Halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis

• in the posterior aspect, cuts roughly through T12

Renal capsule

Connective tissue that creates the outer boundary of the kidney

What type of contrast can kidneys get rid of?

Water soluble contrast media

Can you see renal arteries in an anterior perspective?

They are hard to see because the renal arteries tend to be posterior to the renal veins

Afferent arteriole are going where?

To the nephron

What is the glomerulus?

An arterial capillary bed

• Leaky, made by fenestrated capillaries

Where does the renal vein drain back into?

IVC

Cortical nephrons

Everything in the cortex and nothing really extends down into the medullary part

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Goes into the medulla and then back out of the medulla in its tubular path

What are cortical nephrons good for?

Getting rid of large amounts of volume without bringing back much into our blood

Function of juxtamedullary nephrons

Conserving water

What can efferent arterials do?

Constrict or dilate, as well as allow blood into the nephron or not into the nephron

How does blood come in?

Afferent arterial into the glomerulus

What is the glomerulus surrounded by?

Bowman’s capsule

What does the Bowman’s capsule do?

Everything that leaks out of the arterial capillary network gets caught by the bowman’s capsule collecting container

Where does the bowman’s capsule then send it to?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

Reabsorb things back and put it back into the blood

Can you give a few examples of what the proximal convoluted tubule can reabsorb?

Amino acids, glucose

What is the unit of the numerical values?

milliosmoles

What happens in the descending limb of the loop of Henley?

Absorb water, which we take it out of the tube and back into the blood

What happens to volume and concentration in the descending limb of the loop of henley?

Things inside are more concentrated, but volume has increases

What happens at the ascending loop of henley?

Reabsorb electrolytes and give it back to the blood

What happens to concentration of urine and volume of water at the ascending loop of henley?

As we’re doing nothing with the water the volume is the same from the descending limb, but concentration has decreased in the water

What happens at the distal convoluted tubule?

Lower concentration as we absorb more electrolytes than we needed

What are ureters?

Muscular tubes

• similar to intestines, they have peristaltic movement

• around 25 - 3cm

What does the ureters cross through when it crosses by the pelvic brim?

Crosses over the common iliac vessels (iliac veins and arteries)

What angle does the ureter go into the urinary bladder?

anterior medial direction

How does the ureters prevent backflow?

For both ureters, the peristaltic waves are able to squire urine at different times

What is the uterovesical junction?

Where the ureter meets the urinary bladder

What does this image show?

Radio-opaque densities just to the sides of the vertebral column

• these are calcifications or stone formations in the kidney

Voiding

The action of getting rid of urine out of your urinary bladder

What is the detrusor muscle?

It forms the muscular part of the urinary bladder and that’s what forcefully pushes out of the urinary bladder

What shape is the urinary bladder?

Tetrahedral shape

For females, where does the uterus sit?

On top of the urinary bladder and presses on top of it

What are these spots showing?

Places where contrast is not filling up, thereby suggesting bladder cancer

What are the different gender differences for the urethra?

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Where do the ovarian arteries rise from and descend into?

• Arise from abdominal aorta

• Descend in posterior abdominal wall

How does the ovarian and ascending uterine arteries terminate by?

Bifurcating into ovarian and tubal branches

Please label the posterior view of the uterus

Peritoneal relationship of the ovaries and uterine tubes?

Intraperitoneal

Innervation of the ovaries and uterine tubes?

The nerve supply dervies from the ovarian plexus

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Purpose of the trigone in the bladder?

Acts as a sensory hub that triggers the urge to pee

What is the counter-current mechanism of the nephron

Generates a steep concentration gradient in the kidney

• purpose to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine