TEA AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

anthropological

(adj) relating to the study of humans;

= cultural, social, human-related;

Ex: From an anthropological perspective, daily habits can significantly influence economic development.

wrestle with

(v) to struggle to solve something;

= grapple with, deal with, struggle with;

Ex: Governments are increasingly wrestling with the challenge of balancing growth and environmental protection.

enigma

(n) something difficult to understand;
 = mystery, puzzle, riddle;
 

Ex: The long-term impact of technology remains an enigma for many researchers.

strike

(v) to happen suddenly;
= occur, arise, happen;

Ex: Economic crises often strike without warning.

puzzle

(n) a confusing problem;
= mystery, issue, riddle;

 Ex: Climate change remains a complex puzzle for policymakers.

take off

(v) to become successful quickly;
= expand, grow, boom;

Ex: E-commerce has taken off dramatically over the past decade.

drive

(v) to cause something to happen;
 = fuel, stimulate, push;

Ex: Innovation is the key factor driving economic growth.

urban

labour

(n) workers;
= workforce, manpower, employees;

 Ex: A skilled labour force is essential for sustainable development.

affluent

(adj) wealthy;
 = prosperous, well-off, rich;

Ex: Affluent societies tend to generate higher levels of consumption.

mass-produced

(adj) made in large quantities;

= factory-made, industrial, bulk-produced;

 Ex: Mass-produced goods have made products more accessible to the general public.

criterion

(n) a standard for judging;
 = benchmark, standard, measure;

 Ex: Cost is often the main criterion when making decisions.

sufficient

(adj) enough;
= adequate, ample, satisfactory;

Ex: Governments must ensure sufficient access to healthcare.

coal (n) a fossil fuel;
 = fuel, carbon resource, mineral;

 Ex: Coal was once the primary source of industrial energy.

convince

(v) to make someone believe;
= persuade, influence, assure;

Ex: Governments must convince citizens to adopt greener lifestyles.

propose

(v) to suggest something;
= recommend, suggest, put forward;

Ex: Experts have proposed several solutions to this issue.

fuel

(v) to increase or encourage;
= stimulate, boost, drive;

Ex: Social media can fuel unrealistic expectations.

flourish

(v) to grow successfully;
= thrive, prosper, expand;

Ex: Businesses tend to flourish in stable economic conditions.

succumb

(v) to fail to resist;
 = yield, give in, surrender;

Ex: Many people succumb to peer pressure.

eccentric

(adj) unusual;
= unconventional, odd, quirky;

Ex: Some innovative ideas initially appear eccentric.

deduction

(n) conclusion from reasoning;
= inference, conclusion, reasoning;

Ex: This conclusion is based on careful deduction.

scepticism

(n) doubt;
= disbelief, suspicion, doubt;

Ex: New policies are often met with public scepticism.

appraisal

(n) evaluation;
 = assessment, review, evaluation;

Ex: The policy received a positive appraisal from experts.

notable

(adj) important;
= significant, remarkable, noteworthy;

Ex: There has been a notable improvement in living standards.

wonder (v) to think about;
= consider, question, reflect;

Ex: Many people wonder whether technology does more harm than good.

alight on

(v) to discover suddenly;
= identify, notice, discover;

Ex: Researchers eventually alighted on a practical solution.

static

(adj) not changing;
= stable, constant, unchanging;

 Ex: The population remained relatively static.

infant

(n) a very young child;
= baby, newborn, toddler;

 Ex: Infant care is a priority in developing countries.

mortality

(n) death rate;
= fatality rate, death rate, loss;

Ex: Infant mortality has declined significantly.

wipe out

(v) destroy completely;
 = eliminate, eradicate, remove;

Ex: Pollution could wipe out entire ecosystems.

sanitation

(n) hygiene systems;
 = cleanliness, waste management, hygiene;

 Ex: Poor sanitation leads to serious health issues.

draw a blank

(v) fail to find answer;
= be unable to recall, fail, not know;

 Ex: Many candidates draw a blank under pressure.

incidence

(n) rate of occurrence;
= frequency, rate, occurrence;

 Ex: The incidence of disease is increasing in urban areas.

water-borne

(adj) carried in water;
= transmitted, aquatic, water-related;

Ex: Water-borne diseases remain a serious issue

deduce

(v) reach a conclusion;
= infer, conclude, reason;

Ex: Scientists deduced the cause from the data.

regulate

(v) control;
= govern, manage, control;

Ex: Governments must regulate harmful industries.

antibacterial

(adj) killing bacteria; = antiseptic, germ-killing, sterile; Ex: Antibacterial products are widely used.

malt

(n) grain used in brewing;
= grain, barley, ingredient;

Ex: Malt is commonly used in beverage production.

prevalence

(n) how common something is;
= frequency, commonness, spread;

Ex: The prevalence of obesity is rising globally.

extraordinary

(adj) very unusual;
 = remarkable, exceptional, outstanding;

Ex: The country has experienced extraordinary growth.

coincidence

(n) chance event;
= accident, chance, coincidence;

Ex: It was merely a coincidence.

dip

(v) decrease slightly;
 = decline, drop, fall;

Ex: Sales dipped slightly last year.

purify

(v) clean;
= filter, refine, cleanse;

Ex: Water must be purified before consumption.

out of contention

(adj) no longer competing;
= eliminated, excluded, out;

Ex: The team is now out of contention.

forge ahead

(v) move forward quickly;
= advance, progress, push forward;

Ex: Developing nations must forge ahead economically.

literacy

(n) ability to read and write;
= education, reading ability, knowledge;

 Ex: Literacy is essential for economic progress.

work-based

(adj) related to practical work;
 = applied, practical, job-related;

Ex: Work-based learning improves skills.