Religion (1618-25)

What is the significance of 1618 in religious tensions?

Puritan radicalism and opposition heightened from 1618 due to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War.

When were the Articles of Perth released?

1618

What did the Articles of Perth state? (5)

It stated that Holy Communion should be taken kneeling, religious holidays celebrated, private baptism, private communion and confirmation performed by bishops.

The Articles were reluctantly passed by the Scottish Parliament and no further reform was tabled.

What did the Articles of Perth look like for Presbyterians?

It looked like Catholicism.

What was the Synod of Dort?

Met in 1618

James took an anti-Arminian stance

This reassured Puritans but James came to value Arminianism much more towards the end of his reign.

What was Ferdinand II's aim for the Holy Roman Empire?

An absolutist monarch

He wished to suppress Protestantism and restore Catholicism across the Holy Roman Empire.

What provoked war (throne of Bohemia)?

He was invited to take the Protestant throne of Bohemia instead of Archduke Ferdinand

- this traditionally should have gone to the new Emperor, Ferdinand II.

What was the Defenestration of Prague (and when)?

23rd May 1618

Bohemian nobility threw Ferdinand's representatives out a window at Prague castle - beginning of open revolt.

What were the consequences of the outbreak of war in England?

It changed the alliance system

James wished to orchestrate a Spanish match and many opposed this

Fear of Catholics increased

Puritans wished to enter war.

When was the Battle of White Mountain?

November 1620

What is the significance of the Battle of White Mountain and what were the consequences of it?

Frederick V and the Bohemian rebels were defeated and he and his wife were forced into exile (the Hague). This effectively obliged James to support his son-in-law - but at the risk of antagonising the Catholic powers that James wished to maintain good relations with.

What did James do to attempt to get Frederick and Elizabeth out of exile?

He negotiated with Spain

- He continued to propose negotiations for the Spanish match

- He offered to introduce even more toleration for England's Catholics

- In March 1620 he allowed the Bishops to collect voluntary donations from the clergy to a fighting fund

- In June 1620 he sent a volunteer force of 3,000 volunteer troops under Sir Horace Vere to the Lower Palatinate.

What did James do in 1622 which greatly angered Puritans and Parliamentarians?

He released 4,000 Catholic prisoners as a gesture of good will to the Spanish - maintaining his status as Rex Pacificus and continued attempts to establish the Spanish match.

What did Richard Montagu write in 1624?

"A New Gag for an Old Goose"

It stressed the Catholic elements in the Anglican Church and stated that the Church was not Calvinist

Caused great Puritan resentment and criticism from MPs who urged discipline from Abbott.

What was James' response to Montagu's tract?

He took Montagu's side and gave him permission to produce a second tract.

Why did James come to value Arminianism more towards the end of his reign?

James promoted Arminianism as a method of counteracting the Puritan threat to his religious policy

They were hostile to the Catholic Church but were less 'radical' than the Puritans.

How did Puritans view Arminians?

As 'crypto-Catholics.'

What did James say about Laud?

That he has a restless spirit.

When was the Millenary Petition?

April 1603

What was the Millenary Petition?

English Puritans presented James with a petition signed by 1,000 ministers. They respected James’ position as Supreme Governor- they wanted ‘further reformation’. They wanted a removal of ‘Popish remnants’- a mandatory wearing of a cap and surplice, they wanted a better translation of the Bible (into English) and a simplification of church services.

When and what happened at the Hampton Court Conference?

14th Jan 1604- it lasted for three days. James was gracious to his opponents and conceded their desire for a godly ministry and for a new translation of the Bible- a decision which ultimately resulted in the publication of the Authorised or King James Bible in 1611.

• James had two messages to send to the religious reformers . He would accept moderate reforms that were moderately proposed. But he would give no quarter to radical reformers who wished to replace the episcopal hierarchy by a Presbyterian governance.

  • ‘No bishop, no king’, he twice proclaimed.

What was the 1606 Oath of Allegiance?

James identified that some Catholics were extremist and a danger, but that the majority of English Catholics were loyal subjects. New laws were passed against Catholics in 1606. Moderate Catholics declared their allegiance to the English Monarch, not the Pope.

When and what was the Petition of Religion?

It was in 1610. Dissatisfaction had continued after the Hampton Court Conference, so the Commons presented James with a petition of religion in 1610. They criticised James’ attacks on non-conformists and the removal of Puritan ministers.