chemistry module 11 review

greatr attraction =

harder to separate and higher boiling point

when freezing it is

giving off heaat

low melting point =

not strong

covalent network system

(diamond is an example of a solid) composed of atoms covalently bonded togethe

allotropes

**Different forms of a particular substance in the same physical state**

**Nonpolar covalent molecules only have this type of intermolecular force among them.**

london dispersion forces

temperature is…

**a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles**

diffusion

**The natural movement of a fluid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration**

effusion

**The escape of a gas through a tiny opening**

cohesion

the force of attraction between identical molecules

adhesion

Attraction between liquid (or any) particles and a solid surface are called **(t**he force of attraction between molecules that are different)

what is standard pressure examples

1 atm, 101.3 kPa, and 760 mmHg

**A solid with a low melting point is likely....**

nonpolar covalent

surface tension

**The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the liquid's cohesive nature**

**A substance that lowers a liquid's surface tension**

surfactant

forcer per area unit is

pressure

**Temporary dipoles are associated with which type of force?**

london dispersion forces

**supercritical fluid**

**The state that a substance is in above and beyond the critical point**

polar covalent

a type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally

intramolecular forces

hold particles together in ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds

dispersion forces

weak forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons in electron clouds (occur between all particles but are only forces in nonpolar particles)

dipole-dipole forces

attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules

hydrogen bonds

special dipole-dipole attractions that occur between molecules containing a hydrogen atom contently bonded to a small, highly electronegative atoms with at least one lone electron pair from NOF

polarizability

the measure of how easily electron clouds are distorted

viscosity

a measure of the resistance of a liquid to a flow and is determined by the type of intermolecular forces, size and shape of particles, and temperature

solid

to a liquid: melting

to a gas: sublimation

liquid

to a gas: vaporization (or evaporation if occurs at the surface)

to a solid: freezing

gas

to a solid: deposition

to a liquid: condensation

endothermic

melting, absorbing energy to break bonds and melt (happens for vaporization and sublimation)

vapor pressure

the pressure exerted by a vapor that s in equilibrium with its liquid state at a given temperature