counseling psychology exam 2

Carl Rogers

born in Illinois, 4th of 6 children in a strict religious family

sickly but ignored and teased

high achiever in school (graduated from Uni of Wisconsin, enrolled in theological seminary, transferred to Columbia for master’s in educational psychology, clinical psych doctorate)

taught students at several universities to work with people rather than in lab

Carl rogers monuments

first to integrate supervised therapy into academic training

first to measure effectiveness of psychotherapy

introduced non-directive therapy

elected APA president and nominated for Nobel Prize

fully functioning person

opennes to experience

trust in self

unconditional positive regard

internal locus of evaluation

living creatively

small rewards

little responses when someone is talking/opening up

paraphrasing

mirror comments, active listening, identify main points, start with “you”

avoid adding opinions, watch tone

nonemphatic response

“you’re overreacting”

interchangeable response

“so you’re sad because”

emphatic response

“i understand you and your feelings are important to me”

Gestalt

an organized whole greater than the sum of its parts

holism

we need to look at the human being as a whole to help them (can’t only look at subconscious or behaviors)

field theory

behavior of clients must be understood in context of environment which changes from person to person

environment is made of figure (most salient) and ground (out of awareness)

unfinished business

unfelt emotions do not go away

leads to compulsive and self-defeating behavior

the now

power is in the present, but many people lose that

talk

takes forms of it, I, and you

avoid you and it, leads to externalizing

try to use I so you are internalizing and accepting feelings/difficulties

internal dialogue exercise

personality splits (ex. critical vs vulnerable self, adult vs child self)

addresses inner conflicts, self-criticism, unresolved emotions

also known as empty chair technique

behavior therapy development

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

social learning

cognitive behavior therapy

classical conditioning

associating neutral stimulus with new response

Pavlov’s dog

operant conitioning

positive and negative reinforcement for actions

social learning

observation to learn what is acceptable

Bandura

behavior therapy history

Freud’s therapy was too objective and difficult to measure scientifically

psychology was thought as unscientific and unreliable during late 19th century

behaviorism rise

begins in 1913 with industrialization and Watson

brings efficiency and measurable outcomes

John Watson

said that only observable behavior should be studied

began rise of behaviorism

behind the Little Albert study

Little Albert Study

baby was scared of white object (rabbit) because of classical conditioning with loud noise

done by Watson

Skinner

father of Operant conditioning

born in Pennsylvania, March 1904

love for animals, behavior observation, building gadgets, experimentation

behavior therapy characteristics

experiment based clinical procedures

focus on current problems

observation/monitoring

action-oriented

educational

cause change without exploring root cause

behavior therapist

function is to set clear and concrete goals for client

perform functional assessment with ABC model

ABC model

antecedents (what happens right before behavior)

behaviors (physical action)

consequences (result of behavior)

applied behavioral analysis

essentially operant conditioning

employs reinforcement, extinction, punishment

systematic desensitization

evidence based therapy using classical conditioning

create fear hierarchy, teach relaxation techniques, gradual exposure to feared items

massive success at 80%-90% for solving phobias

EMDR

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

exposure-based rhythmic eye movements

imaginal flooding to cognitively restructure

rational emotive behavior therapy

REBT

built by Robert Ellis to find how cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact

emotions stem from beliefs

highly cognitive and directive

REBT ABC

framework for rational emotive behavior therapy

antecedents (what forms the belief)

belief about A (conclusion drawn)

emotional and behavioral consequences (thoughts/feelings about conclusion)

REBT focuses

identifying irrational belief

challenging belief

creating new rational alternative belief

testing new belief

reinforce new thinking

cognitive therapy

built by Aaron Beck

evidence-based standardized treatment

used to treat disorders (depression, anxiety, panic, phobia, eating)

cognitive distortions

list made by Beck

selective abstraction (relationship based off of ONE behavior)

overgeneralization (loser and always will be)

magnification/minimization

personalization (person dislikes me because I’m bad)

labeling/mislabeling

dichotomous thinking

traditional cognitive conceptualization

core belief evolves to assumption evolves to behavior

“I am a loser” to “it’s important to be competent and perfect” to “I will not ask for help" or challenges”

Socratic questioning

core belief leads to cognitive distortion, which means assumptions need to be challenged through _ _

strengths based CBT

developed by Padesky and Mooney

shifts focus from deficits and problems to personal strengths and resilience

builds on what already works well

meant to feel encouraging, optimistic, empowering

William Glasser

grew up during Great Depression in poverty unemployment, and insecurity

suffered educational challenges because he felt frustrated by traditional learning and his curiosity was not being

father of reality therapy

reality therapist characteristics

emphasize choice and responsibility

reject transference

avoid focusing on symptoms

keep therapy in present

future oriented

reality therapy goals

everyone must make a “quality world” (fulfilled needs, taking responsibility, inner control)

Glasser’s needs

survival, love, power, freedom, fun

WDEP

wants, doing, evaluation, planning

SAMIC

simple, attainable, measurable, immediate, controlled by planner

characteristics of planning in reality therapy

social constructionism

approach that says clients construct their own realities and client must be expert

solution focused brief therapy

short-term (2-3 sessions)

focused on goals and future outcomes

evidence-based

SFBT attention

taken away from diagnosis, history taking, cause of problem

given to what you want to fix and how to fix it

SFBT principles

positive psychology, fostering hope, utilizing strengths and resources

evidence based

needs to have structured measurable treatment plan rather than just how the client feels

positive psychology

therapy aims to make strengths available to client so they can cope with their own problems

SFBT process

description of preferred future

identify “exceptions”

construct practical and sustainable solutions

SFBT questioning

around goal development, exceptions, scaling, miracle (ideal future)

SFBT techniques

first session task/homework, feedback, summary, terminating

all happens very quick because relationship ends once problem is solved

narrative therapy

human nature is expressed through stories shaping identity and narratives creating meaning

narrative therapy goals

separating people from problems, re-authoring narratives, empowering clients

narrative therapy techniques

thickening (happiness) vs thinning (unhappiness) descriptions

story mapping

problem naming/externalization

letter writing

Murray Bowen

father of family systems therapy

evolved from psychoanalysis

looks at unresolved emotional reactivity to one’s family

problematic behaviors

serve purpose for family

intentionally maintained by family’s process

function of family’s inability to operate productively

symptom of dysfunctional patterns handed down across generations

differentiation of self

you learn you are not the judgements of you

triangulation

third person is used to reduce tension between two family members

emotional cutoff

being in same place as toxic individual but you don’t have an emotional relationship anymore

genogram

visual representation of family tree with symbols to understand social relationships

reframing

shifting perspective of issue

boundary work

family members set boundaries with each other

role analysis

dive into roles of each family member (peacemaker, negotiator, etc.)