Mastering A&P chapter 26 (The Urinary System)

Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.

a) renal arteries

b) efferent arterioles

c) afferent arterioles

d) cortical radial arteries

c) afferent arterioles

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.

a) uric acid

b) glucose

c) urea

d) creatinine

b) glucose

Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?

a) efferent arteriole

b) glomerular capsule

c) juxtaglomerular complex

d) afferent arteriole

c) juxtaglomerular

Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?

a) nephron loop

b) collecting duct

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) proximal convoluted tubule

d) proximal convoluted tubule

Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?

a) simple columnar epithelium

b) simple cuboidal epithelium

c) simple squamous epithelium

d) transitional epithelium

c) simple squamous epithelium

Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?

a) epinephrine

b) aldosterone

c) cortisone

d) ADH

b) aldosterone

Which of these is not a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?

a) It is opposed by the vasa recta.

b) It depends on active ion transport to function.

c) It creates a hyperosmotic interstitial fluid in the kidney medulla.

d) It exploits the structure of the nephron loop.

a) it is opposed by the vasa recta

Functions of the urinary system include

a) helping to stabilize blood pH.

b) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.

c) conservation of valuable nutrients.

d) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

A glomerulus is

a) the source of erythropoietin.

b) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

c) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

d) the expanded end of a nephron.

e) attached to the collecting duct.

c) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

The kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of

a) blood ion levels.

b) blood pressure.

c) blood pH.

d) blood volume.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

a) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.

b) regulating NaCl levels in the blood.

c) releasing renin.

d) releasing erythropoietin.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?

a) distal convoluted tubule

b) proximal convoluted tubule

c) renal corpuscle

d) nephron loop

b) proximal convoluted tubule

Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?

a) nephron loop

b) distal convoluted tubule

c) proximal convoluted tubule

d) renal corpuscle

d) renal corpuscle

True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.

a) True

b) False

a) True

In which region of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

a) renal cortex

b) renal sinus

c) renal pelvis

d) renal medulla

d) renal medulla

Which of the following is NOT part of a renal lobe?

a) adjacent tissues of the renal columns

b) major and minor calyces

c) renal pyramid

d) renal cortex above the renal pyramid

b) major and minor calyces

Which of the following is directly connected to the ureters?

a) renal papilla

b) major calyx

c) renal pelvis

d) minor calyx

c) renal pelvis

The urinary filtrate first enters __________.

a) proximal convoluted tubule

b) the glomerular (Bowman) capsule

c) collecting tubule

d) renal papilla

b) glomerular (Bowman) capsule

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

a) collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

b) collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter

c) renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct

d) renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra

e) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

e) collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

a) afferent arteriole.

b) vasa recta.

c) efferent arteriole.

d) interlobular arteriole.

e) renal vein.

c) efferent arteriole

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called:

a) tubular cells

b) juxtaglomerular cells

c) glomerulocytes

d) macula densa cells

e) podocytes

e) podocytes

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

a) peritubular capillaries.

b) corticoradiate capillaries.

c) efferent arterioles.

d) proximal capillaries.

e) vasa recta capillaries.

a) peritubular capillaries

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

a) renal corpuscle.

b) renal papilla.

c) renal pyramid.

d) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

e) collecting tubule system.

a) renal corpuscle

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

a) nephron loop (loop of Henle).

b) ureter.

c) papillary duct.

d) distal convoluted tubule.

e) renal corpuscle.

e) renal corpuscle

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

a) secretion of acids and ammonia.

b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

c) secretion of drugs.

d) filtration.

e) adjusting the urine volume.

b) absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of three layers

a) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and endothelium of glomerulus.

b) dense layer of glomerulus, foot processes, and fenestrations in the capsule.

c) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits.

d) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores.

e) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes.

c) endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus and podocyte filtration slits

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of

a) arteries.

b) veins.

c) venules.

d) arterioles.

e) capillaries.

e) capillaries

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

a) cortex

b) medulla

c) pelvis

d) vasa recta

e) calyces

a) cortex

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except

a) proteins.

b) creatinine.

c) hydrogen ions.

d) urea.

e) amino acids.

a) proteins

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except

a) increase the glomerular filtration rate.

b) reduce blood flow to kidneys.

c) produce powerful vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles.

d) trigger renin release.

e) produce renal ischemia.

a) increase the glomerular filtration rate

Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

a) the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

b) the blood pressure within the glomerulus

c) the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

d) the volume of urine that leaves the kidneys per minute

a) the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?

a) vasoconstriction

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

c) autonomic regulation

d) glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

a) renin-angiotensin system

b) autoregulation

c) autonomic regulation

d) natriuretic peptides

b) autoregulation

Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?

a) renin-angiotensin system

b) autonomic regulation

c) myogenic mechanism

d) natriuretic peptides

a) renin-angiotensin system

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

a) glomerulus

b) systemic arterioles

c) efferent arterioles

d) afferent arterioles

d) afferent arterioles

In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?

a) release of ANP and BNP

b) constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism

c) dilation of efferent arterioles

d) increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles

a) release of ANP and BNP

What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?

a) angiotensin I

b) angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

c) angiotensin II

d) renin

d) renin

Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?

a) Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR.

b) Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.

c) Sympathetic fibers trigger release of an enzyme to decrease the GFR.

d) Sympathetic fibers trigger the release of hormones from the heart.

b) sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR

The macula densa forms part of the __________.

a) juxtaglomerular complex

b) glomerular capsule

c) filtration membrane

d) nephron loop

a) juxtaglomerular complex

The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________.

a) blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

b) blood hydrostatic pressure

c) blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

d) capsular hydrostatic pressure

a) blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure

The process of filtration is driven by

a) renal pumping.

b) solvent drag.

c) blood hydrostatic pressure.

d) blood osmotic pressure.

e) active transport.

c) blood hydrostatic pressure

If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur?

a) damage to the glomeruli

b) presence of blood in urine

c) permanent kidney injury

d) presence of protein in urine

e) All of the answers are correct

e) All of the answers are correct

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

a) increase release of angiotensin II by the suprarenal glands.

b) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

c) decrease secretion of aldosterone.

d) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.

e) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

d) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

a) filtrate in the capsular space.

b) constriction of the efferent arteriole.

c) protein in the filtrate.

d) blood pressure.

e) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma.

e) presence of large, non-diffusible proteins in blood plasma

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

a) capsular hydrostatic pressure.

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

c) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

d) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

e) osmotic pressure of the urine.

b) glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.

a) an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration

b) an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration

c) a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration

d) a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute conc

d) a decrease in urine volume but an increase in solute conc

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

a) the collecting duct.

b) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

c) the proximal convoluted tubule.

d) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

e) the distal convoluted tubule.

d) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following, except

a) facilitated diffusion.

b) stem cell movements.

c) cotransport.

d) active transport.

e) countertransport.

b) stem cell movements

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to

a) reduction of blood pressure.

b) decreased sodium reabsorption.

c) increased urinary loss of sodium.

d) less secretion of aldosterone.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

a) penicillin.

b) creatinine.

c) potassium ions.

d) hydrogen ions.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

Filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule normally contains

a) nutrients.

b) hydrogen ions.

c) water.

d) urea.

e) All of the answers are correct.

e) All of the answers are correct

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

a) enables production of hypertonic urine

b) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration

c) site of obligatory water reabsorption.

d) relies on countercurrent multiplication

e) All of the answers are correct

e) All of the answers are correct

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

a) a larger volume of urine.

b) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

c) urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions.

d) urine with less glucose.

e) urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions.

b) urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.

a) simple cuboidal

b) simple columnar

c) stratified squamous

d) pseudostratified columnar

e) transitional

e) transitional

In addition to the urinary system, bodily wastes are removed by all of these systems except the __________.

a) respiratory system

b) integumentary system

c) endocrine system

d) digestive system

c) endocrine system