AP GOV

Exclusionary Rule

Evidence found illegally can’t be used in court.

Civil Liberties

Freedoms that protect people from government (speech, religion, etc.).

Civil Rights

Protections from unfair treatment based on things like race or gender.

5th Amendment

Right to remain silent, no double jeopardy, due process, property protection.

6th Amendment

Right to a lawyer, speedy and public trial, and to confront witnesses.

10th Amendment

Powers not given to the federal government go to the states or people.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students can wear armbands—free speech in schools if not disruptive.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

Speech can be limited if it causes 'clear and present danger.'

Symbolic Speech

Actions that express ideas (like flag burning or armbands).

Defamation

False statements that harm someone’s reputation.

Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions

Government can limit when, where, and how speech happens—but not what’s said.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Amish don’t have to attend school past 8th grade—free exercise of religion.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

School prayer is unconstitutional—violates separation of church and state.

Due Process

Government must follow fair rules before taking away life, liberty, or property.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

2nd Amendment (gun rights) applies to states too.

Prior Restraint

Government can’t stop something from being published beforehand.

Selective Incorporation

The Bill of Rights applies to states case by case through the 14th Amendment.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Poor defendants must be given a lawyer.

Free Exercise Clause

Protects people’s right to practice their religion freely.

New York Times v. U.S. (1971)

Government can’t block press unless it’s a true national security risk.

Right to Speedy & Public Trial

People accused of crimes must get a fair and quick trial.

Right to Privacy

People have personal privacy protected from government interference.

Rule of Law

Everyone—including the government—must follow the law.