endocrine system pt 2 extra notes

growth hormone target

bone, muscle, adipose tissue, cartilage, etc

growth hormone effects

• Stimulates growth in bone, cartilage, and muscle

• increase lipolysis and lipid immobilization

  • break down of lipids (fats) and mobilizes it

growth hormone - hypothalamic regulatory hormones

• Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates release of growth hormone

• Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHRH): inhibits release of growth hormone

hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone (GH) at the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis

• Pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH)

  • increase of growth hormone (GH) causes increase in somatomedins from the liver

    • increase of somatomedins levels blocks growth hormone-release hormone AND stimulates growth hormone-inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target

adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) effect (5)

• Stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)

• increases gluconeogenesis

• increases lipolysis

• increase protein degeneration

• depresses immune/inflammatory response

hormones whose effects include glucose metabolism

glucocorticoids

production of glucose from a non-carbohydrate

gluconeogenesis

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hypothalamic regulatory hormone

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

• stress stimulates higher brain centers

  • higher brain centers stimulate hypothalamus to release CRH

    • CRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release ACTH

      • ACTH targets adrenal cortex

        • adrenal cortex increases cortisol levels

anterior pituitary negative feedback inhibition (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)

hypothalamus- increase of cortisol inhibits hypothalamus’ secretion of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Pituitary - increase in cortisol inhibits anterior pituitary’s responsiveness of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)

in anterior pituitary negative feedback inhibition in the hypothalamus, the _____ is the sensor and integrating center

hypothalamus

in anterior pituitary negative feedback inhibition in the hypothalamus, the _____ is the effector by decreasing ___

adrenal cortex, decreasing the amount of cortisol being secreted

in anterior pituitary negative feedback inhibition in the pituitary, the ____acts as sensor, integrating center and effector

anterior pituitary gland

disease involving hypo-secretion (not enough secretion) of glucocorticoids

adrenal insufficiency disease

disease of the adrenal cortex - adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH but unable to produce cortisol

primary adrenal insufficiency (addisions disease

disease at the anterior pituitary - it does not produce enough ACTH, leading to inadequate stimulation of the adrenal cortex and resulting in decreased cortisol production.

secondary adrenal insufficiency

hyper-secretion (excessive secretion) of glucocorticoids causing increased lipolysis and redistribution of fat

cushing's syndrome

tumor in the adrenal cortex

primary Cushing syndrome

tumor in the pituitary gland

secondary Cushing syndrome