[C.1] ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PERIOD ✅

3500-1000 BC

When was the ancient Egyptian period?

Polytheistic

Religion of ancient Egypt; meaning “many gods”

Theocracy

Pharoah thought to be a god

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words

False

True or false: Pyramids are new kingdom architecture

True

True or false: Egyptian art and architecture remained the same throughout history

Canopic Jars

Containers that were used by the ancient Egyptians during the mummification process, to store and preserve the viscera of their owner for the afterlife

Book of the Dead

Egyptian funerary text generally written on papyrus. It is a loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the Duat, or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1,000 years

Staunch Conservatism

Stylized ideal of the human figure (ex: mirror image of faces to show perfection) and rigid poses

True

True or false: Egyptian art reflects political stability and the view of reality as external and unchanging

Nature

Egyptian architecture was inspired by

False

True or false: Important architecture was far from the Nile

Reddish Brown

Male figures were in [answer] color

Yellow

Female figures were in [answer] color

Frescoes

Stone surfaces were prepared by whitewash, or if rough, a layer of coarse mud plaster, with a smoother gesso layer above.; Egyptian painting typically decorated the walls of temples, tombs and palaces

Pyramids of Giza

Pyramids built by the Kings Khufu, Khafre & Menkaure

Law of Frontality

Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like the other, although the hands and feet are in profile; eyes, shoulders in front view

Trabeated Construction

A system of column and lintel

Sphinx

Sculpture usually in recumbent position with the head of a man and the body of a lion; guardian of the temple

Sarcophagus

Stone case where linen wrapped mummies are put

Imhotep

First recorded artist of Western History, architect to Zoster

Mastabas

A funerary structure in Ancient Egypt that consisted of a rectangular superstructure over a subterranean burial chamber with sloping sides

Mastabas

The 1st type of Egyptian tomb

Necropolis

City of mastabas

Pyramidm

Massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at the apex

Stepped Pyramid

Composed of series of stacked mastabas; each smaller, and stacked on top of each other

Imhotep

Invented the stepped pyramid which will later on lead to the invention of the true pyramid

Bent Pyramid

Built by Seneferu, first attempt at classic shape but made too steep and had to be sloped

Straight Pyramid

Appearing to be straight

Obelisks

Tall, thin pillars with pyramid-shaped tops

True

True or false: Obelisks in ancient Egypt always come in pairs

Temples

Post and lintel construction characterized as a forest of columns

Mortuary Temples

Temple for the dead pharaoh

Cult Temples

Temple for popular worship of the ancient gods

Rock-hewn Tombs

Located of cliffs where they cut labyrinth passageways that led to ceremonial and burial chambers which were later replaced by temples. Built after the old kingdom has passed by carving out hills

Pylon

A monumental gateway to an Egyptian temple marked by two tower structures with sloping walls flanking the entrance portal

Peristyle

Open court; row of columns around a building or court

Hypostyle Hall

Contains a double row of columns higher than the others

Sanctuary

The innermost room of the Egyptian temple, contains small shrine where the god "lived," usually in the form of a statue

Tripartite Plan

A plan consisting of reception, central hall and private areas; reflect the Egyptian cosmology or worldview

Papyrus Bundle Capital

What is this type of capital?

Lotiform Capital

What is this type of capital?

Palmiform Capital

What is this type of capital?

Campaniform Capital

What is this type of capital? Bell shaped form; either lotus or papyrus

Hathor-headed Capital

What is this type of capital? 4 faced capital with heads of hathor

Volute Capital

What is this type of capital?

Pyramidion

A pyramid shaped block set as the finishing element atop an obelisk

The Giza Pyramids

The most elaborate of Egyptian requirement for the afterlife Pyramid of Khufu

Stepped Pyramid of Zoser

First stepped pyramid built

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut

Composed of three large terraces connected to each other by ramps

Great Temple of Amun, Karnak

Boasts if a hypostyle hall with 134 freestanding columns in 16 rows. The site is built by a sacred lake

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

A rock-cut temple commissioned by Rameses II to honor his own memory

Characteristics of Egyptian interiors

Made of sun dried bricks with flat roofs and small flat windows
Larger homes had clerestory windows
Ceilings were blue and lightly painted

Loggia

A roofed arcade or gallery with open sides stretching along the front or side of the house

Portico

Roofed porch upheld by column

Lion's Paw Foot

What is this type of foot?

Stool (Collapsible Stool)

Most common of Egyptian furniture; they invented this

Chest

Important part of an egyptian household

Tables

Used for gambling and eating

Chair

Furniture for important people only

Bed

Bull's hooves and lion's paw
T&g construction
Rush leather seats
Varnish or gesso for finishing

Bas-relief

Type of carving in which the design is made prominent by raising it from the background

Incised

The inside of the outline is the one that is carved out

Palette of King Narmer

Used for mixing eye makeup