13 - Blood, Hemostasis & Blood coagulation Resistance of the body to Infection

Blood is a _______ _______ in fluid form.

connective tissue

Blood is considered as the 'fluid of life' because....?

it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs.

Blood is known as ____ _____ ______ because it carries nutritive substances from the digestive system and hormones from endocrine gland to all the tissues.

fluid of growth

The blood is also called the 'fluid of health' because it protects the body against...?

the infectious diseases.

What is the function of red blood cells?

Transport and regulation

Red blood cells transports...?

O2 and CO2 in RBCs Hb (each RBC has about 280 million hemoglobin molecules)

What other essentials do red blood cells transport?

1. nutrients

2. Hormones

3. Metabolic Waste

What do RBC regulate?

1. body temp.

2. pH

3. Fluid Volumes

Normal human RBCs have a ________ shape, their diameter is about ___ µm, and their thickness is about ___ µm

biconcave, 7-8, 2.5

Typical concentration is ____ ± 0.3 million per cubic mm in females and ___ ± 0.3 million per cubic mm in males.

4.7, 5.2

RBC's lack a?

nucleus

RBC's contain...?

Carbonic anhydrase (critical for transport of carbon dioxide)

Blood is ____ in color. Arterial blood is ________ red because it contains ______ oxygen and venous blood is ______ red because of more _______ _______.

red,scarlet, more, purple, carbon dioxide.

Average volume of blood in a normal adult is ____. In a newborn baby, the volume is ______ . It increases during growth and reaches 5 L at the time of puberty. In females, it is slightly less and is about 4.5 L. It is about ____ of the body weight in a normal young healthy adult, weighing about 70 kg.

5 L, 450 ml, 8%

Persons living at high altitudes have ______ numbers of RBCs.

greater

In fact, erythrocytes are estimated to make up about ___ of the total cells in the body.

25 %

What are the different granulocytes? ( In order of abundance)

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

What is the function of leukocytes?

All function in body defenses.

How to leukocytes move?

Exit capillaries and move into tissues.

What is the life span of leukocytes?

a few days

What is the function of granulocytes?

Non-specific resistance to disease, classified according to membrane bound granules in cytoplasm.

What is the most common leukocyte?

Neutrophil

What is the life span of neutrophils?

lifespan of minutes and days.

What is the characteristic of neutrophils?

Nuclear loves increase with age; pale lilac granules.

What is the function of a neutrophils?

phagocytosis, particularly effective against the bacteria. Release cytoxic chemicals from granules.

What is the characteristic of eosinophils?

Nucleus generally two-lobed bright red-orange granules.

What is the function of eosinophils?

Phagocytosis, particularly effective with antigen-antibody complexes. Release antihistamines. Increase in allergies and parasitic infections.

What is the life span of the eosinophils?

Lifespan of minutes to days.

What are the characteristics of basophils?

Nucleus generally two-lobed, but difficult to see due to presence of heavy, dense, dark purple granules.

What are the function of basophils?

Promotes inflammation

What is the lifespan of basophils?

Least common leukocyte, lifespan unknown.

What is the characteristics of agranulocytes?

Lack abundant granules in cytoplasm; have a simple-shaped nucleus that may be indented.

What is the function of agranulocytes?

body defenses

What is the lifespan of agranulocytes?

Group consists of two major cell types from different lineages.

What is the characteristic of lymphocytes?

Spherical cells with a single often large nucleus occupying much of the cell's volume; stains purple; seen in large, NK cells and small B & T cells.

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Primarily specific immunity, T cells directly attack other cells. B cells release antibodies; NK cells are similar to T cells but nonspecific.

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

Initial cells originate in bone marrow, but secondary production occurs in lymphatic tissues, several distinct subtypes, memory cells form after exposure to a pathogen and rapidly increase responses to subsequent exposure, lifespan of many years.

The monocytes are the largest...?

Largest leukocyte with an indented or horshoe-shaped nucleus.

What is the function of the monocytes?

Very effective phagocytic cells engulfing pathogens or worn out cells, also serve as APCs for other components of the immune system.

Where are monocytes produced?

red bone marrow

What are monocytes called after leaving circulation?

Macrophages.

What is the abundance of platelets?

150-500k, average 350k

What are platelets?

Cell fragments surround by a plasma membrane and contains granules, stain purple.

What is the function of platelets?

Hemostasis plus release growth factors for repair and healing of tissue.

Where are platelets formed?

formed in red bone marrow from megakaryocytes, shed platelets into circulation.

Basophil

What image is being depicted here?

Eosinophil

What image is being depicted here?

Lymphocyte

What image is being depicted here?

Monocyte

What image is being depicted here?

Neutrophil

What image is being depicted here?

What is erythropoiesis?

Entire process of RBC formation.

RBC formation begins in the red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and goes through several stages of development to become erythrocytes

How long do RBC take to mature?

Approximately 4 days.

How often are RBCs created and destroyed?

RBCs are created and destroyed at approximately 200 billion per day in an adult.

Where do we find the red bone marrow?

Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones such as hip bone, breastbone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and shoulder blades, and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the proximal ends of the long bone's femur and humerus.

What are the stages of erythropoiesis?

1. Hemocytoblast

2. Proerythroblast

3. Basophilic erythorblast

4. polychromatophilic erythroblasts

5. Orthochromatophilic erythorblasts

6. nuclear extrusion

7. reticulocyte

What stage would we find a pluripotential stem cell?

Hemocytoblast

What stage of the erythropoiesis would we see dispersed chromatin, nucleoli and cytoplasmic basophilia?

proerythroblast

What stage of the erythropoiesis would we see clumped chromatin, no nucleoli, and maximum basophilia?

basophilic erythroblast

What stage of the erythropoiesis would we see condensed chromatin, grey-green cytoplasm?

polychromatophilic erythroblast?

What stage of the erythropoiesis would we see condensed eccentric nucleus and a pink cytoplasm?

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

What stage of the erythropoiesis would we see an enucleate cell, spherical and slight basophililia?

Reticulocyte

Hemocytoblast

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

Proerythroblasts

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

basophilic erythroblast

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

polychromatophilic erythroblast

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

orthochromatophilic erythroblast

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

Nuclear extrusion

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

reticulocyte

What stage of erythropoiesis is observed?

In what stage of erythropoiesis would we see ribosome synthesis?

Phase 1

In what stage of erythropoiesis would we see hemoglobin accumulation?

Phase 2

In what stage of erythropoiesis would we see ejection of nucleus?

Phase 3

_________ Regulates Red Blood Cell Production

Erythropoietin

What are the homeostatic mechanisms are used in blood cell regulation?

1. an adequate number of RBCs are always available to provide sufficient transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

2. the cells do not become so numerous that they impede blood flow.

In what pathology would we see acanthocytic RBC?

Liver disease, abetalipoproteinemia

What type of RBCs would we observe projections of varying size at irregular intervals?

Acanthocytes

What RBCs are observed during liver disease, ESRD, pyruvate, kinase deficiency?

echinocytes

What are the characteristics of echinocytes?

Smaller and more uniform projections than acanthocytes

What RBCs are associated with bone marrow infiltration?

Dacrocytes

What are dacrocytes?

RBCs sheds a tear because it is mechanically squeezed out of its home in the bone marrow.

What cells are known as spur cells?

acanthocytes

What cells are known as burr cells?

Echonicytes

What cells are known as tear drop cells?

dacrocytes

What cells are known as helmet cells?

schistocytes

What cells are observed as fragmented RBCs?

schistocytes

Schistocytes are associated with what pathology?

MAHAs, mechanical hemolysis.

What cells are known as bite cells?

Degmacytes

When would one observe degmacytes?

C6PD deficiency

Why do degmacytes happen?

Due to removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages

When would we observe elliptocytes?

Caused by mutation in genes encoding RBCs membrane proteins

What are spherocytes?

RBCs that are sphere-shaped rather than biconcave disc, no central pallor

When would we observe spherocytes?

Hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia

When would we observe macro-ovalocytes?

megaloblastic anemia

What are target cells associated with?

HbC Disease

Asplenia

Liver Disease

Thalassemia

When does sicking of RBCs occur?

Sickling occurs with low O2 conditions

Within each RBC are ______ ______ _____ molecules of hemoglobin

It is made up of four globin chains, with each attached to a heme group

200 to 300 million

What condition is a decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in each unit of whole blood?

Anemia

O2 transport bound to ______

HEME

, CO2 transport ______ by Hb but bound to globin

(20%)

What is the normal value of Hb in males?

13-18 g/dl

What is the normal value of Hb in females?

12-16 g/dl