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Militia

An Anglo-Saxon military tradition where civilians can be mustered and serve as soldiers for common defense during emergencies.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

A series of conflicts (1609-1646) between English settlers in Virginia and the Powhatan Confederacy over land and resource control.

Pequot War

A conflict (1636-1638) in New England between the Pequot tribe and English colonists, resulting in the near destruction of the Pequot people.

Bacon’s Rebellion

An uprising in Virginia (1675-1676) by frontiersmen against Native tribes and English Governor Berkeley.

King Philip’s War

A conflict (1675-1678) between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom (King Philip) over land disputes.

French and Indian War

The North American component of the global Seven Years' War (1754-1763) between British and French forces.

Braddock’s Defeat

A 1755 ambush during the French and Indian War that decimated General Braddock’s British troops.

George Washington

A Virginian planter and soldier who became commander of the Continental Army and the first U.S. President.

Salutary Neglect

A British policy allowing American self-governance due to lax enforcement of colonial trade regulations.

Battle of Bunker Hill

A June 1775 engagement where American militia suffered heavy losses but inflicted significant casualties on British forces.

Continental Army

The unified colonial army formed in 1775 and commanded by George Washington during the American Revolution.

New York Campaign

A series of 1776 battles where British forces drove the Continental Army from New York City.

Battles of Trenton/Princeton

Key victories in New Jersey in the winter of 1776-1777 that boosted American morale.

Battle of Saratoga

A 1777 American victory that secured French military alliance during the Revolutionary War.

British Southern Strategy

A British plan during the American Revolution to rally Loyalist support in the South.

Siege of Yorktown

The 1781 victory that ended the Revolutionary War by American and French forces.

Continental Army Mutinies

Internal unrest in the Continental Army due to poor conditions and delayed pay during the Revolution.

Newburgh Conspiracy

A 1783 attempt by discontented Continental Army officers to stage a coup, defused by Washington.

Shays’ Rebellion

A 1786-1787 uprising by Massachusetts farmers protesting economic injustices.

St. Clair’s Defeat

A 1791 attack by Native forces resulting in the largest defeat of the U.S. Army by Native Americans.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising in Pennsylvania over an excise tax on distilled spirits.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of French territory west of the Mississippi River, doubling U.S. land area.

United States Military Academy

Established in 1802 at West Point to train professional officers for the U.S. Army.

Andrew Jackson

A general in the War of 1812 and later president known for the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across North America.

Indian Removal

The 1830 policy forcibly relocating Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

Zachary Taylor

A U.S. general in the Mexican-American War who led significant victories and became president.

Battle of Buena Vista

A decisive 1847 engagement in the Mexican-American War resulting in a U.S. victory.

Winfield Scott’s Mexico City Campaign

A series of 1847 battles where General Scott captured Mexico City.

Fort Sumter

The April 1861 Confederate attack that began the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general known for his leadership during the Civil War.

George H. Thomas

A Union general praised for his defense at the Battle of Chickamauga.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general who led the Army to victory and later became U.S. president.

Joshua Chamberlain

A key officer at Gettysburg known for defending Little Round Top.

Battle of Antietam

The bloodiest single day of the Civil War, ending Lee’s first invasion of the North.

Emancipation Proclamation

Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in Confederate-held territory.

Battle of Gettysburg

A decisive Union victory in Pennsylvania that marked a turning point in the Civil War.

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment for military service, first used by the Confederacy.

Lost Cause

A post-Civil War narrative that romanticized the Confederacy and minimized slavery's role.

South Carolina Colored Volunteer Regiments

African American units from South Carolina that served under white officers during the Civil War.

United States Colored Troops (USCT)

African American military units comprising 10% of the Union Army.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A federal agency established in 1865 to aid freed slaves during Reconstruction.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacist group formed in 1866, engaging in terrorism against African Americans.

Pullman Railroad Strike

A violent 1894 labor strike by railroad workers over wage cuts.

National Guard Association

Founded in 1879 to advocate for state militias with federal support.

Henry O. Flipper

The first African American graduate of West Point in 1877.

Wounded Knee Creek

A December 1890 massacre marking the last major conflict between Native Americans and the U.S. Army.

Emory Upton

A West Point officer advocating for a professional Army through his writings.

Spanish-American War

A conflict (1898-1900) where the U.S. defeated Spain, establishing itself as an imperial power.

Elihu Root

Secretary of War who implemented major Army reforms including the General Staff system.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Philippine independence movement, defeated by the U.S. in 1901.

China Relief Expedition

A 1900 international effort to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in China.

Punitive Expedition to Mexico

A military campaign led by Pershing in pursuit of Pancho Villa (1916-1917).

Selective Service

The draft system instituted during World War I to expand the Army.

National Army

The mass conscripted force created to supplement the regular Army in World War I.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

U.S. troops sent to Europe under General Pershing during World War I.

Amalgamation

The policy debate over integrating U.S. forces into Allied units during World War I.

Houston Riot

A 1917 mutiny of African American soldiers in Texas protesting racial discrimination.

Bulletin 35

A World War I directive standardizing promotion procedures for officers.

Red Summer of 1919

A wave of racial violence and riots across the U.S. following World War I.

Demobilization

The process of discharging troops and transitioning the economy to peacetime after World War I.

Bolshevism

The radical socialist ideology behind the Russian Revolution.

National Defense Act of 1920

A law restructuring the Army and establishing the Army Air Service.

Army Air Service (later Corps)

The aviation branch of the Army established during World War I.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

A West Point graduate who served as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, later President.

Strategic Bombing

The targeted destruction of enemy infrastructure and industry using air power.

North Africa Campaign

Allied operations (1942-1943) to push Axis forces out of North Africa.

Italian Campaign

Allied efforts from 1943-1945 to invade and liberate Italy.

Normandy Campaign

The June 1944 D-Day invasion that began the liberation of France.

Women’s Army Corps

A World War II organization for women serving in non-combat Army roles.

Pearl Harbor Attack

The December 7, 1941 Japanese attack that brought the U.S. into World War II.

Battle of Midway

A June 1942 naval battle that turned the tide of the Pacific War.

Philippines Campaign

A series of WWII battles to liberate the Philippines from Japanese occupation.

Battle of Okinawa

A 1945 battle paving the way for a potential Allied invasion of Japan.

Firebombing

The use of incendiary bombs to destroy enemy cities, particularly in Japan and Germany.

Atomic Bomb

Nuclear weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending World War II.

National Security Act of 1947

Legislation reorganizing U.S. defense and creating the Air Force and CIA.

NATO

A 1949 military alliance to counter Soviet influence in Europe.

United Nations Command (UNC)

The multinational force established during the Korean War.

Pusan Perimeter

A critical defensive stand by U.N. forces in the Korean War in 1950.

Operation Chromite

The September 1950 landing at Inchon, turning the tide of the Korean War.

38th Parallel

The pre-Korean War division of North and South Korea, reestablished after the war.

Officer Personnel Act 1947 and Enlisted Career Guidance Plan (1948)

Postwar reforms modernizing Army personnel systems.

Universal Military Training

A proposal post-World War II to train all American men for national defense.

Executive Order 9981

Truman's 1948 order desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces.

Continental Army Command (CONARC)

Established in 1955 to oversee training and readiness of U.S. Army forces.

Nuclear Deterrence

Strategy of maintaining a credible nuclear arsenal to prevent enemy aggression.

Pentomic Division

A Cold War Army restructuring concept emphasizing mobility and tactical nuclear weapons.

Military Assistance Command – Vietnam (MACV)

The U.S. command coordinating military operations in the Vietnam War.

Strategic Hamlet Program

A Vietnam War policy to isolate rural populations from insurgents.

Vietnamization

The strategy to transfer combat responsibilities to South Vietnamese forces.

Fragging

The deliberate killing of officers by soldiers during the Vietnam War.

My Lai

A 1968 massacre of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. soldiers.

School Desegregation

Efforts to integrate public schools, often enforced by the U.S. Army.

Attrition

A strategy aiming to wear down the enemy during the Vietnam War.

ARVN

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam, which fought alongside U.S. forces in Vietnam.

National Liberation Front (NLF)

The Viet Cong, a communist-led insurgent group in South Vietnam.

Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS)

A program to integrate military and civilian efforts during the Vietnam War.

Westmoreland

General William Westmoreland, known for his strategy of attrition in Vietnam.

All Volunteer Force

The recruitment system established after the Vietnam War ended conscription.