Anat & Phys Final Exam Review

Describe the effects of fast and slow hormones on the body from chronic stress, explain why they are often beneficial/adaptive, and what health problems can result if prolonged:

Effect:

Benefit/why an adaptive response:

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic:

Effect: increased heart rate

Benefit/why an adaptive response: more blood to tissues

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic: causes stress on the heart/overworks it and prolonged stress can cause serious heart problems

Describe fast endocrine hormones (epi and noroepi) effects on the body

Effect:

Benefit/why an adaptive response:

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic:

Effect: increased heart rate, breathing rate, and quick activation of glucose

Benefit/why an adaptive response: instant energy (for short term dangers)

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic: constant elevation can damage blood vessels/arteries, stress on heart, and hypertension

Describe slow endocrine hormones (cortisol) effects on the body

Effect:

Benefit/why an adaptive response:

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic:

Effect: increased blood sugar (glucose usage), suppresses non-essential functions (digestion, reproduction, immunity)

Benefit/why an adaptive response: supplies sustained energy for prolonged challenges, suppresses immunity from auto-inflammation

Risk/health problems cause if excessive/chronic: can have negative effects of metabolism (insulin resistance, weight gain, type 2 diabetes), and weakens the immune system

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone release from target cells in what endocrine gland

Anterior Pituitary

The ___________ does not produce hormones; it only stores and releases those made in the hypothalamus. For example it releases ADH when the body is dehydrated for water retention and is triggered by the hypothalamus to release oxytocin to cause milk ejection.

Posterior Pituitary

What structure assists the fast transport of releasing and inhibiting hormones to their target cells?

Hypophyseal Portal System

The ______ produces hormones like T3 and T4 to control metabolism, energy, body temperature, and heart rate. The pituitary gland regulates it by releasing TSH.

Thyroid Gland

Why is orthostatic hypotension (head rush) more likely to occur when you are sick?

Due to dehydration and reduced blood volume

Red blood cells have an extreme surface area: volume ratio. The SA:V ratio of these cells is particularly:

High

Red blood cells have an extreme surface area: volume ratio. This trait benefits cell function by maximizing:

Oxygen exchange

The equation F alpha changeP/R shows that when peripheral resistance (opposing blood flow) increases, what must our body do to maintain blood flow?

Main increased pressure differentials

Sympathetic nerves trigger the release of what hormone from the adrenal medulla?

Amines: Epinephrine and Neuroepinephrine

By volume, most of our blood plasma consists of:

Water

By volume, most of our formed elements consists of:

Red Blood Cells

Breakdown blood components:

Plasma (water, nutrients, waste, proteins), RBCs, WBCs and platelets

What type of capillary would be most likely found in an endocrine gland and why?

Fenestrated: it has “windows” in the epithelium which helps in rapid hormone transport into the blood, high-rate exchange of small molecules and limited proteins

Where are fenestrated capillaries commonly found?

Kidneys and intestines

Where are continuous capillaries commonly found?

Muscles, lungs, and brain

Where are discontinuous capillaries commonly found?

Liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Movement of water out of the bed is driven by:

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Filtration, pushes fluid out of the capillary into tissues

Osmosis

Reabsorption, draws water back into the capillary from tissues

Movement of water into the bed happens on the ______ end.

Venous

Movement of water out the bed happens on the ______ end, and blood flow moves from this direction to the other.

Arteriole

Water movement OUT of the bed is __________ water movement INTO the capillaries.

Greater than

Blood movement OUT of the bed is __________ blood movement INTO the capillaries.

Less than

Hematopoiesis: stem cells called hemocytoblasts ultimately give rise to

All formed elements (erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets))

What hormone is produced mainly by kidneys to regulate the production of RBCs in bone marrow

Erythropoietin (EPO)

EPO increases erythrocyte production by binding to receptors in the ________.

Bone marrow

If the body constricted a vessel to the body surface only, how would that change the resistance in that vessel?

Increase

Constricting a vessel to the body surface only and increasing resistance would keep the body _________

Warm

In the cascade, what would be in the space with gland?

Adrenal Cortex

In the cascade what hormone is produced to trigger the anterior pituitary?

CRH

In the cascade what hormone is produced to trigger blank gland?

ACTH

A bulge in the arterial wall is called a(n) _________.

Aneurysm

Aneurysms are often asymptomatic and may have no ill effects on health. Why are they often monitored anyway?

In case they burst

Baroreceptors are located in ______ arteries

Carotid

Baroreceptor _____ cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata

send signals to

A blood pressure drop causes activation of ________ nerves

Sympathetic

Activation of parasympathetic nerves would ______ heart rate

Decrease

Activation of sympathetic nerves would trigger widespread ________.

Vasoconstriction

Vessels to the brain are ______ responsive to sympathetic nerve signals than vessels in most parts of the body.

Less

Epi and Noroepi release follows sympathetic activation. This generally ______ the effects of sympathetic nerves on blood pressure.

Continues

Which is “O2 poor”

A

Which is an artery? (one)

A

Pressure differentials are lowest in (one)

C

Velocity is slowest in (one)

B

Which one has more elasticity and less muscle

D

Valves are found in

G

A blood draw would most likely be taken from:

G

Blood pressure is most commonly take from:

E

What circuit is D in?

Systemic

Which of the following is NOT synthesized from a single amino acid (like tyrosine)

Steroid hormone

Which of the following IS synthesized from a chain of amino acids?

Peptide (proteins)

Which often acts vis second messenger systems:

Peptide

Cortisol is a(n):

Steroid

High Solubility in water:

Protein

Much of the hormone released is broken down by enzymes in the blood/fluids:

Amine

Often stored in vesicles prior to release:

Amine

This storage (in vesicles) primarily decreases the:

Response time

These hormones are mostly bound in the blood

Thyroid

Binding generally increases hormones

Duration

Generally triggers genomic hormones

Steroid

Thyroid hormone effects are

Both

Genomic responses are generally ____ than non-genomic

slower

Antagonistic with calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Blocks inflammation and triggers amino acid and glucose release/production

Cortisol

Made by the anterior pituitary, this hormone is in a positive feedback loop initiated by nursing. It has similar effects on pigeons!

Prolactin

Made by the adrenal cortex, this steroid increases blood volume, in part by changing activity in kidneys

Aldosterone

Made by the adrenal cortex, this steroid increases hematocrit and muscle mass

Androgens

The SCN coordinates when this hormone is made from serotonin

Melatonin

Made by the posterior pituitary, this hormone increases blood volume, in part by changing activity in the kidneys

ADH

This pituitary hormone has many triggers including sleep and (for infants) being held. Release triggers changes in skeletal muscles, bone and cartilage.

Growth Hormone

Triggers milk release/ “let down” for mammary glands

Oxytocin

Triggers widespread vasoconstriction, but dilation of vessels feeding the heart

Epi & Noroepi

This category of substances can be quickly converted to an active enzyme, for example in a clotting cascade

Zymogen

This forms the structural basis of a clot

Fibrin

This is a product of hemoglobin breakdown that occurs as erythrocytes die

Bilirubin

This process allows cells to recruit immune cells to areas of infection

Chemotaxis (taxi!)

This process of platelets helps form a plug

Adhesion

This response occurs in the first phase of hemostasis, reducing blood loss even before platelet activation

Vascular spasm

This triggers the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Thrombin

Steps of hemostasis

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation cascade, clot retraction, fibrinolysis

In hemostasis, what process helps platelets stick to damaged tissue?

Platelet adhesion

In hemostasis, what enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin?

Thrombin

In hemostasis, what is the structural basis of a clot?

Fibrin

True or false: b. Arteries always carry oxygen-rich blood.

False: pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated from heart to lungs

True or false: Genomic hormone effects are usually slower than non-genomic effects.

True

What hormone is produced to trigger the anterior pituitary in this cascade (think about female repro)?

GnRH

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary in this cascade (think about female repro)?

LH and FSH

What is the function of LH

It causes the mature follicle to rupture, releasing the egg (ovulation)

What is the function of FSH

It matures the ovarian follicles

The appearance of glucose in urine usually means:

Blood glucose exceeded renal threshold

Which hormone is responsible for increasing RBC production?

EPO

What is the function of ACTH

Produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates cortisol, androgen release, responds to stress and maintains blood pressure/immune function