Matching, Short Answer ch 4, 9, 10, 11

Freud’s Id, Ego, Superego

1. The Id (The Biological Drive)

• Key Principle: Pleasure Principle (wants immediate gratification).

• Nature: Unconscious, primitive, and impulsive.

• The Example: You are in a boring meeting and see a delicious donut. Your Id screams, "Grab it and eat it NOW. I don't care who is watching or whose donut it is!"

2. The Superego (The Moral Compass)

• Key Principle: Moral Principle (strives for perfection and social rules).

• Nature: Your conscience; learned from parents and society.

• The Example: Your Superego whispers, "It is wrong to steal. You must be professional and wait your turn. Eating that would be a sign of weakness."

3. The Ego (The Rational Mediator)

• Key Principle: Reality Principle (balances the other two with the real world).

• Nature: The rational part of your personality that everyone sees.

• The Example: Your Ego decides, "I will wait until the break, and then I’ll go buy my own donut. That way I satisfy my hunger without looking like a jerk."

3 eating disorder

1. Bulimia Nervosa
   = Binge eating behavior. Followed by an attempt to compensate（代償）for the large amount of food consumed. Pursing the food by inducing vomiting, excessive exercise
   Core fear: Anger, Sadness

2. Binge eating disorder
   = followed by distress feelings of guilt embarrassment. No vomiting and excessive exercise to lose weight.
   Core fear: Triggers for bingeing can include poor body self-image and the availability of preferred binge foods.

• 3. Anorexia Nervosa
= Characterized by the maintenance of a body weight well below average through starvation or excessive exercise
A type of body dysmorphia( viewing themselves as overweight even though they are not)
Core fear: Gaining weight

4 attachment styles in children

1. Secure attachment

2. avoidant attachment

3. resistant attachment

4. disorganized attachment

1. Secure attachment（安定型）

• 英語: The child uses the parent as a secure base to explore. They are distressed when the parent leaves but happy when they return.

• 日本語: 親を「安心の拠点」として周囲を探索するタイプ。親がいなくなると不安がるけど、戻ってくるとすぐに喜んで安心し、また遊び始める。

• 背景: 親が子供のニーズに対して、一貫して敏感に、適切に応えている場合に形成されるで。

2. Avoidant attachment（回避型）

• 英語: The child is unresponsive to the parent and does not use them as a secure base. They don't care if the parent leaves or returns.

• 日本語: 親に対して無関心なタイプ。親がいなくなっても平気そうで、戻ってきても反応が薄い。

• 背景: 親が子供の要求に対して、拒絶的だったり、あまり反応しなかったりする場合に多く見られるな。

3. Resistant attachment（抵抗型 / 不安・アンビバレント型）

• 英語: The child shows clingy behavior but rejects the parent's attempts to interact. They are extremely distressed when the parent leaves and difficult to comfort upon return.

• 日本語: 親にベッタリやけど、いざ親が戻ってくると怒ったり拒絶したりする矛盾したタイプ。親がいなくなるとパニックになるくらい泣くけど、戻ってきてもなかなか泣き止まへん。

• 背景: 親の反応が「ある時は過保護、ある時は無視」といった感じで、一貫性がない場合に形成されやすいで。

4. Disorganized attachment（混乱型）

• 英語: The child shows erratic or confused behavior (e.g., freezing or running around). This is often seen in cases of abuse.

• 日本語: どう反応していいか分からず、固まったり変な動きをしたりするタイプ。親が「安心の対象」であると同時に「恐怖の対象」になってしまっている。

• 背景: 虐待やネグレクトなど、非常に不安定な環境で育った子供に見られることが多い、最も深刻なタイプや。

Short answer

Defence Mechanisms( Of the 7, provide examples of 3)

Defence mechanisms are unconscious, protective behaviors that work to reduce anxiety

example of 3) Regression- and individual acts much younger than their age/return to coping strategies for less mature behavior.

you hate studying math too much, so you cry so loudly as if you were an baby.
大学の勉強が辛すぎて、家で赤ん坊のように泣きじゃくる

1. Repression: anxiety-causing memories from concsciousness are blocked

2. Reaction formation: someone expresses feelinggs, thoughts, and behaviors opposite to their inclinations.

3. regression: an individual acts much younger than their age/ returns to coping strategies less mature behaviors

4. Projection: putting undesirable feelings, emotions, or behaviors onto someone else, rather than admitting to or dealing with the unwanted feelings.

5. I don't like him" becomes "He doesn't like me

6. Rationalization: justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons

7. Displacement: transfering inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target

8. Sublimation: redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels.
   

7 defence mechanisms with example

1. 抑圧 (Repression)

嫌な記憶や衝動を、無意識の底に無理やり押し込んで「なかったこと」にする。

• 例: A person who was in a horrific car accident cannot remember any details of the event.

2. 反動形成 (Reaction Formation)

本心とは真逆の態度を取ってしまう。

• 例: A student who deeply dislikes a particular professor is excessively polite and overly helpful toward them in class.

3. 退行 (Regression)

耐えがたい状況で、子供みたいに振る舞ったり、昔の幼いやり方に戻ったりする。

• 例: you hate studying math too much, so you cry so loudly as if you were an baby.

4. 投影 (Projection)

自分の嫌な部分を「あいつがそうやねん」って他人のせいにする。

• 例: A person who feels a lot of internal anger constantly accuses their roommate of "always being in a bad mood." They are projecting their own anger onto someone else.

5. 合理化 (Rationalization)

もっともらしい理由をつけて、自分を納得させる。

• 例: Someone fails a job interview and says, "I didn't want that job anyway; the commute would have been too long."

6. 置き換え (Displacement)

本当は向けたい相手（強い相手など）じゃなく、別の言い返されへん相手に八つ当たりする。

• 例: You cannot talk back to your boss, so you go hard on Chat GPT instead

7. 昇華 (Sublimation)¡

ダメな衝動を、スポーツや芸術など社会的に認められる形に変換する。

• 例: An individual with aggressive impulses joins a boxing gym to channel that energy into a socially acceptable sport.

SA

Tolerance vs withdrawal in substance abuse

試験のShort Answer（記述問題）対策として、テキストの各章の文脈を統合して解説するで。この2つの用語は、単なる「慣れ」や「禁断症状」という言葉以上に、「身体的依存（Physical Dependence）」を証明する医学的証拠としてセットで書くのが得点アップのコツや。

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1. Tolerance（耐性）: Chapter 4 & 11

• Definition: A state where a person requires more of a drug to achieve the same effects previously experienced with smaller doses.

• Mechanism (Chapter 4): 脳の神経伝達物質（ドーパミンなど）の受容体が、過剰な刺激に慣れて減少したり反応しなくなったりすることで起こる。

• Key Point: 「同じ量では効かなくなる」＝「使用量が増え続ける」という論理構成で書くとええ。

2. Withdrawal（離脱症状）: Chapter 4 & 10

• Definition: A variety of negative physical and mental symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

• Mechanism (Chapter 10 - Motivation): 薬物によって強制的に維持されていた「偽の恒常性（Homeostasis）」が崩れ、身体が正常なバランスを失うことで発生する。

• Key Point: 症状は通常、薬物の効果と「逆」になる。例：興奮剤をやめると極度の疲労や抑うつに襲われる。

Provide an example of a stimulant

drugs that improve your mood and increase your alertness and energy

caffeine, energy drink, Nicotine

Provide and example of a depressant

drugs that suppress down your brain function.

1. Depressants（抑制剤）の代表例

脳の活動を抑えて、リラックスさせたり眠気を誘ったりするものや。

• Alcohol（アルコール）: 最も一般的な抑制剤。

• Barbiturates / Benzodiazepines: 不安を抑える薬や睡眠薬。

• 仕組み: 主に GABA という「脳のブレーキ」の役割をする神経伝達物質を強めることで、脳を落ち着かせるんや。