Chem Textbook 1.2-1.6

what is a property

- any observed characteristic about matter or energy
- how it looks, feels or acts

what is matter

- anything that has mass
- is has mass so it has inertia
- it takes up space so it has volume
- if it undergoes any changes the mass will be conserved

what is energy

- the ability to cause change in matter or to do work
- it cannot be measured or observed directly
- any physical object's energy is its ability to cause things to happen
- cannot be created or destroyed
- observed through its affects

how is matter classified

- through physical states or through chemical composition

what is a state

- a form matter can take
- it is dependent on temperature, atmospheric pressure, and specific characteristics of the particular type of substance
- solid, liquid, or gas

what is a solid

- symbol: s
- when matter is rigid, has a fixed volume, and shape that changes little depending on surrounding temperature and pressure
- it is a state

what is a liquid

- symbol: l
- has fixed volume, no defined shape (dependent on its container)
- it is a state

what is a gas

- symbol: g
- no fixed volume or shape (dependent on container)

what is a pure substance

- matter containing only one kind of substance
- they have a constant composition and distinct properties
- water or oxygen gas

what is a mixture

- matter that contains two or more pure substance
- both substances maintain their own identities and properties

what are components

- the substances that make up mixtures

what is a heterogeneous mixture

- a mixture that is not the same throughout
- texture, appearance, components

what is a homogenous mixture

- a mixture that is uniform throughout
- also called solutions

what are the two main types of energy

- kinetic and potential

what is kinetic energy

- energy in motion
- all moving objects have this
- it is dependent on the objects mass and velocity
- KE = (1/2)mv^2
- thermal, electrical, mechanical energy

what is thermal energy

- motion at the level of atoms in the submicroscopic world

what is electrical energy

- motion of electrons through conductors

what is mechanical energy

- motion of objects in the macroscopic world
- cars or bowling balls

what is potential energy

- energy stored in matter that has potential to do work
- chemical, elastic, gravitational, nuclear energy

what is chemical energy

- energy stored in matter related to its chemical composition and structural arrangement of atoms at the submicroscopic
- can be converted to other forms of energy through chemical reactions

what is elastic energy

- energy stored in objects that stretched
- energy released when it is let go
- springs

what is gravitational energy

- energy stored in an object above the ground
- when released gravity acts on it and it falls

what is nuclear energy

- energy stored in the internal structures of atoms and is freed by nuclear reactions
- sun or the earth's core

what are qualitative observation

- an observation made by seeing, feeling, hearing, or smelling
- something is malleable or smells like rotten eggs

what is a quantitative observation

- an observation made using an instrument to measure quantities
- weight or length

what is the SI unit for mass

- kg

what is a unit

- a fixed magnitude of a quantity

what is weight

- depends on the mass of a particular object and gravity acting on the mass

what is Kelvin

- the SI unit for temperature
- K = °C + 273.15

what is the °F to °C equation

- °F = 1.8 * °C + 32

what is absolute zero

- the coldest theoretical temperature on the Kelvin scale
- 0K
- -273.15 °C
- -459.67 °F

what are derived units

- units formed from basic units using an equation
- newtons, pascals, joules

What is a Newton

- symbol: (N)
- a derived unit for force
- kg(m/s^2)

what is a Pascal

- symbol: Pa
- derived unit for pressure
- kg/(m*s^2) or N/(m^2)

what is a Joule

symbol: J
- a derived unit for energy or work
- kg(m^2/s^2) or N*m

what is density

- a property of matter which describes the relationship between mass and volume
- mass/volume
- kg/(m^3)
- kg/L
- g/mL

what is accuracy

- how close individual determinations are to the correct value

what is precision

- reproducibility of a result