CARDIOVASCULAR SYS

Cardiovascular System

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products.

Heart

Located in the thorax between the lungs, the ____ pumps blood and has chambers such as the atria and ventricles.

Surfaces of the Heart

The heart has three ____ - anterior, inferior, and posterior - which contain different chambers of the heart.

Coverings

The heart is ___ by the pericardium, which has two layers - visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium - filled with serous fluid.

Layers of the Heart

The heart has four ____ - epicardium, parietal pericardium, myocardium, and endocardium - each with different functions and compositions.

Chambers

The heart has four __ - two atria and two ventricles - which receive and discharge blood.

Valves

There are four ____ in the heart - atrioventricular ___ (tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid) and semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) - which allow blood to flow in one direction.

Great Vessels

The aorta, pulmonary arteries, vena cava, and pulmonary veins are the ______ connected to the heart.

Pericardium

The ____ is a protective sac around the heart, consisting of fibrous and serous layers with a pericardial cavity filled with fluid.

Coronary Circulation

The heart has its own ____, including coronary arteries and cardiac veins, to supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle.

Conduction System

The heart has an intrinsic ______consisting of nodes (SA and AV), bundles (Bundle of His), and fibers (Purkinje fibers) that regulate the heartbeat.

Cardiac Cycle

The ____ includes events of one heart beat, such as atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation, systole, and diastole.

Cardiac Output

_____ is the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute, determined by heart rate and stroke volume.

Regulation of Heart Rate

_____ is ______ by factors such as sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, hormones, and blood volume.

Blood Vessels

The vascular system includes arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, each with different layers and functions.

Differences Between Blood Vessel Types

Arteries have thicker walls, veins have larger lumens, and capillaries have thin walls for exchange between blood and tissues.

Movement of Blood Through Vessels

Arterial blood is pumped by the heart, veins use muscle action to move blood, and capillaries allow for exchange between blood and tissues.

Pulse

____ is the pressure of blood monitored at specific points in the body, indicating the heart's contraction and blood flow.

Blood Pressure

_____ ______ is measured in large arteries and consists of systolic and diastolic pressures, with variations influenced by neural, renal, temperature, and chemical factors.

Capillary Exchange

Substances are exchanged between blood and tissues through capillaries via diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, gaps, and fenestrations.

Developmental Aspects of Cardiovascular System

The heart develops from a simple tube in the embryo and becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of the 7th week.

Blood

____ is a connective tissue with formed elements (living cells) and plasma (non-living matrix) that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Physical Characteristics of Blood

Blood has different colors depending on oxygen content, a specific pH range, slightly higher temperature than the body, and plasma composed of water, electrolytes, and proteins.

Blood Plasma

_____ is the liquid component of blood containing water, electrolytes, plasma proteins (such as albumin and immunoglobulins), and other substances.

Osmotic pressure

The hydrostatic pressure produced by the blood passing through a vessel.

Interstitial fluid

The hydrostatic pressure that pushes towards the vessel.

Net filtration pressure

The overall pressure that determines the movement of fluid across the capillary wall.

Clotting proteins

Proteins that help to stop blood loss when a blood vessel is injured.

Antibodies

Proteins that help protect the body from antigens.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Blood cells that carry oxygen and have a biconcave shape, no nucleus, and contain hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Cells that play a crucial role in the body's defense against disease, with different types including granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

Cell fragments derived from multinucleate cells that are needed for blood clotting processes.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping blood flow after a blood vessel is damaged, involving platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, and coagulation.

Thrombus

A clot that forms in an unbroken blood vessel.

Embolus

A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream.

Thrombocytopenia

A deficiency of platelets, which can lead to bleeding disorders.

Blood groups

Genetically determined proteins on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood type, including ABO and Rh blood groups.

Rh factor

An antigen present on red blood cells that can cause complications during pregnancy if the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+.

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

A condition in which the mother's immune system produces antibodies to attack the Rh+ blood of the baby in a second pregnancy.

Cross matching

A test done to determine compatibility between donor and recipient blood for transfusions.