Chapter 11, 13, 14 - Living on Land

Tr

True or False: Gravity has little significance to fish because they have the same density as water

Compact bone

which is dense and is found on outside of bone

Cancellous bone

light, spongy & found in the inner tissue of bone and at the joints

zygopophysis

this occurs when the vertebrae interlock and resist twisting and bending and to support the weight of the body.

cranium

head

cervical

neck (includes atlas (C1) and axis (C2))

trunk

includes the thoracic region and lumbar region

thoracic region

area of the trunk with ribs

lumbar region

area of the trunk with no ribs

sacral

pelvic region

caudal

tail region

allometry

the study of scaling

bolus

a small, rounded mass of chewed food mixed with saliva that is formed in the mouth while chewing

Salivary glands

found only in terrestrial animals; lubricates food and enzymes begin digestion process

buccal pumping

used to inflate lungs using movements of the buccal cavity in water

tidal breathing

an aspiration pump produced from formation of negative pressure as body cavity expands (negative pressure = IN) and contracts (positive pressure = OUT)

Synapsid modification

Develops a diaphragm (muscle) to separate body cavities and now movements of the trunk (and internal organs) now help with respiration

Saurapsid modification

Use bipedal locomotion using only limbs for locomotion and not trunk axial muscles

Alveolar lung

Tree-like dichotomous branching patterns(about 23 levels) that terminate in small alveolar sacs

Faveolar lung

Small, cuplike chambers (faveoli) line the walls of the lung or airways (parabronchi) for gas exchange

True

True or False: Synapsids use alveolar lungs

True

True or False: Sauropsids use faveolar lungs

True

True or False: Sauropsids have one directional flow of air

single circuit system

a two chambered heart where blood passes through the heart only once during each complete cycle

sinus venous

located in front of the heart

conus (bulbus) arteriosus

located behind the heart

middle ear bones

used to amplify signals from tympanum and transmit to inner ear hair cells

ethmoturbinates

olfactory surfaces for location of odor receptors

Nasoturbinates

moisten air

Vomeronasal organ

an unique organ in anterior roof of mouth used for chemosensory function esp. with pheromones

Flehman response

flaring of lips to draw air into vomeronasal organ; usually males to detect females in heat

kidneys

an organ in the body that is used for the filtration of blood, uptake of water and ions as needed, expulsion of excess water and ions as well as toxins. Use of urea and uric acid to conserve water

Urinary bladder

a derived feature of tetrapods that is used for the recovery of water in some species, otherwise saclike storage structure for urine. Allows species to urinate in specific locations for scent marking or avoid detection by predators

keratin

used for mechanical protection, but also has some waterproofing properties

thermoregulation

the biological process that allows your body to maintain its core internal temperature

convection

transfers heat between animal and fluid (air or water)

conduction

transfers heat when animal and object are in contact

evaporation

cooling effect when water evaporates from animal’s body

metabolic heart

energy from metabolic reactions generates heat in the animal

radiation

energy that moves in waves or particles; includes solar radiation and thermal (infrared) radiation

ectothermy

heat body from external environment

endothermy

heat body from within - metabolism

heterothermy

variation in body temperature between body regions

temporal heterothermy

allow body temperatures to fall for periods ranging from hours to weeks before returning to higher set point (i.e. bears during hibernation)

regional heterothermy

localized heat production/loss can lead to spatial variation in temperature between tissues in different parts of the body (feet of swimming birds, shark eyes)

inner ear

converts sound waves into electrical signals for hearing and detecting movement for balance