Biochem SI

What the name of a chemical that is attracted to regions of positive charge, such as a nucleus?

Neocleophile

What is the name of a chemical that is a electron deficient and loving?

electrophile

What kind of inhibitor most resembles the substrate when it binds to the enzyme?

Competitive

fill in the chart

Competitive Uncompetitive Noncompetitive

Vmax: Vmax: Vmax:

Km: Km: Km:

Competitive Uncompetitive Noncompetitive

Vmax: Unchanged Vmax: Decreases Vmax: decreases

Km: increased Km: decreases Km: unchanged

Which type of reversible inhibition takes place when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme substrate complex? What happens when the substrate concentration is increased?

uncompetitive, nothing

What type of reversible inhibition takes place when the inhibitor binds directly to the active site of the enzyme, reducing the rate of catalysis? What happens when the substrate concentration is increased?

competitive, increases substrate concentration overcomes inhibition

What type of reversible inhibition takes place when the inhibitor bind to an enzyme at the same time at different binding sites? What happens when the substarte concentration is increased?

non competitive, nothing

What type of irreversible inhibitor is structurally similar to the enzyme’s substrate and modifies the enzyme?

Affinity labels

What type of irreversible inhibitor binds to the enzyme as a substarte, converting it to an irreversible inhibitor that can no longer catalyze?

Suicide inhibitors

What type of irreversible inhibitor react with specific R groups of enzyme?

Group specific reagent

What type of irreversible inhibitors are designed to strongly bind to active site but not react?

T. S. analogs

What is a real-life example of a suicide inhibitor in medicine?

Penecillin

What is the physiology role of myoglobin? Hemoglobin?

Myoglobin stores oxygen and Hemoglobin transports oxygen.

Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of myoglobin and hemoglobin:

Myoglobin Hemoglobin

What type of kinetics?

How many subunits?

What structure?

Physiological role?

Fill in the following chart with the characteristics of myoglobin and hemoglobin:

Myoglobin Hemoglobin

What type of kinetics? michaelis Sigmoidal

How many subunits? one four

What structure? tertiary quaternary

Physiological role? store oxygen transport oxygen

What does it mean to say hemoglobin displays cooperativity in respect to oxygen binding and relase?

hemoglobin responds upon the binding of pos and neg effectors. Pos effectors tell it to hold onto oxygen, and neg effectors tell it to dump oxygen.

When Fe 2+ binds with oxygen to form Fe 3+, there will be a slight shift in ions. This shift in ions causes a shift from the tensed state to relaxed state. What is the known as?

Co operative bind

In the curve below, which represents myglobin and hemoglobin?

myoglobin is blue

hemoglobin is red allosteric

Tensed form binds with oxygen ___?___

Relaxed form binds with oxygen ____?____

Poorly

well

Deoxyhemoglobin corresponds to which allosteric state/form? Oxyhemoglobin?

Deoxyhemoglobin is tensed form

Oxyhemoglobin is relaxed form

Using the photo which form does BPG readily bind to?

Deoxyhemoglobin bc there is room to bind

Is BPG considered a positive or negative effector? Why?

Negative because stabilized the tensed state/form and facilitates the release of oxygen

(True/False) Fetal hemoglobin binds to BPG well.

False fetal hemoglobin needs oxygen

Oxygen flows from maternal ___?___to___?___deoxyhemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin to fetal

Which of the following has a higher affinity for oxygen?

Fetal hemoglobin

Regulation of oxygen binding of hemoglobin by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide is known as?

Bohr Effect

What condition is caused by a mutation in hemoglobin?

sickle cell anemia

Body tissues:___?___CO2 → ___?___pH, favoring the __?___. So, hemoglobin__?___.

Lungs:__?___CO2→__?____pH, favoring the __?___. So, hemoglobin__?___O2.

Body tissues: high CO2 → low pH, favoring the tensed. So, hemoglobin dumps.

Lungs: low CO2→ high pH, favoring the relaxed. So, hemoglobin picks up O2.

Carbohydrates are carbon-based molecules that are rich in what kind of functional group?

Hydroxyl

The simplest monosaccharide is made up of __?___ Carbons.

3

Define the following carbon structures:

Triose:

Tetrose:

Pentose:

Hexose:

Triose: 3 carbons

Tetrose: 4 carbons

Pentose: 5 carbons

Hexose: 6 carbons

Match glucose and fructose to their corresponding ring:

Furan ring →

Pyran Ring →

Furan ring → fructose (5 carbons)

Pyran Ring → glucose (6 carbons)

Identify the following structures: (fructose/glucose), (pentose/hexose)

Fructose, hexose

(fructose/glucose), (pentose/hexose)

glucose, hexose

Identify the following functional group:

ketone

Identify the following functional group:

aldehyde

Identify the following functional group:

carbonyl group

Identify the monosaccaride based on its structure.

ketose

Identify the monosaccaride based on its structure.

aldose

Isomers have the (same/different) molecular formula, but (same/different) structure.

same, different

What kind of isomers have the same molecular formula, but differ in the order to attach of atoms?

Constitutional isomers

Label the following reaction:

___?____ reacts with ___?_____ to make _____?____

aldehyde, alcohol, hemiacetal

Label the following reaction:

___?____ reacts with ___?_____ to make _____?____

ketone, alcohol, hemiketal

Number the carbons in this molecule:

6

Label the following sugars as having either alpha or beta configerations:

Alpha = below

Beta = above

d and l

Refers to the direction of rotation (d: dextrorotatory , l = levorotatory)​

+ and -

Refers to the direction in which molecule rotates plane polarized light.

+ clockwise (dextrorotatory)

– anticlockwise (levorotatory)​

D-Glucose, L-Glucose

Label the following as either D or L configuration:

D

Label the following as either D or L configuration:

L

What are joined together by glycosidic linkages?

Carbohydrates (monosaccharides)

Glucose is a ____?_____ sugar

Reducing

What molecule is released in glycosidic linkages when two monosaccharides connect to form a disaccharide?

Water

What is the function of glycosyltransferase?

They catalyze the information of glycosidic bonds

It takes sugar and attaches it to another molecule creating a glycosidic bond.

Sticks to sugar to make bigger molecule think of it like glue.

The form that glucose is stored in is in the form of:

Starch and glycogen

How is glucose stored in animal cells?

Glycogen

How is glucose stored in plant cells?

Starch

Label the following with alpha or beta, the carbon numbers, and the type of bond:

alpha 1, 2 glycosidic bond

Identify the following structures: (glycogen/cellulose, branched/unbranched)

cellulose, unbranched

mess = unbranched

Identify the following structures: (glycogen/cellulose, branched/unbranched)

gylcogen, branched

organized = branched

The largest protein component by weight, component of the cell membrane and take part in cell adhension

glycoprotein

the protein attached to glycosaminoglycan and play a structural role

proteoglycon

the protein that is mainly carbohydrate and is attached to the carbohydrate by N-acetylgalactoseamine. Often act as lubricant.

mucins

What are blood type groups based on? They reflect the specificity of what?

Blood groups are based on protein glycosylation pattern​The human ABO blood groups reflect the specificity of glycosyltransferases.​

All of the blood groups share the oligosaccharide foundation called O.​

In A, N-acetylgalactosamine is added to the O by a specific glycosyltransferase.​

In B, galactose is added by another transferase.​

(True/Fasle) fatty acids can be saturated and unsaturated

True

Unsaturated fatty acids have a ___?____ melting point than saturated fatty acids.

Lower

Which biomolcule does not have a polymer?

Lipids

(True/False) fatty acids have a polar and a nonpolar part.

true

When there are more (single/double) bonds, the melting point is lower.

Double

Double bonds are always separated by at least __?__ Carbon

1

Identify which of the following lipids is saturated and unsaturated.

A: sat = single

B: unsat = double

Is this cis or trans configuration?

cis

Is this cis or trans configuration?

trans

Number the following fatty acids using the omega nomenclature.

Omega 10 fatty acid

Number the following fatty acid using the delta nomenclature.

12:1 Trans delta 7

*Delta nomenclature = systematic nomenclature

Systematic nomenclature is a standardized, rule-based method for naming chemical substances, ensuring each compound has a unique and unambiguous name derived from its structure.

Number the unsaturated fatty acid below and identify the double bond using delta nomenclature.

11:1 trans delta 6 fatty acid

What is commenly known as the storage lipid?

Triacylglycerols: they are energy rich and are designed to stored energy for later use

____?____ bonds attach fatty acids to glycerol.

Ester

Fat issue is also known as ___?_____ tissue.

adipose

please circle the ester bond in the following triacylglycerol.

(True/False) Carbohydtraes are more enegy rich than fatty acids.

False. fatty acids have more carbon hydrogen bonds 9cal/g

Phospholipids are made up of what components? (Hint: 4 answers)

fatty acids, phosphate, a platform, alcohol

Which lipid is common in nerve cells?

sphingomyelin

What type of lipid aids in cell-to-cell interactions?

glycolipids

What is a common example of a steroid?

Cholesterol

In the cell membrane, what aids the movement of molecule across the membrane?

Proteins

Channel proteins → act like tunnels for small molecules

carrier proteins → grab molecules and carry them

How could the interactions of the cell membrane best be described? What of bonds are they?

Hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. interact w/each other in the membrane, while the hydrophilic heads interact w/the aqueus enviroment and w/each other.

Membrane fluidity can be increased by which of the following?

Increase with (saturation/unsaturation)

Increase with (cis/trans) bonds

Increase with (short/long) chain length

(Increase/decrease) with cholesterol concentration

Increase with (saturation/unsaturation)

Increase with (cis/trans) bonds

Increase with (short/long) chain length

(Increase/decrease) with cholesterol concentration

Label the following molecules and their respective function:

(a, b) transport, integral proteins

(c,d,e) perpheral proteins, cell cell communication

What does membrane fluidity directly depend upon?

(High/Low) melting point

low

Label the following as either lateral or transverse diffusion:

*he remembers this on exam

Also known as facilitated diffusion, the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient only with the assistance of a channel. ___?___

passive transport

Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring a source of energy. ____?___

active transport

What two factors determine whether a molecule will cross a membrane?

concentration gradient and solubility

What is the most common example of active transport?

sodium potassium pump

to cross a membrane, without the assistance of a protein, should a molecule be (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

hydrophobic

These molecules are involved in powering the transport of a molecule against its concentration gradient by grouping together with another molecule moving in the same direction down the gradient. ___?___

antiporters

*antiporter = opposite

*2 molecules in opposite direction

These molecules use one concentration gradient to power the formation of one another. ___?___

secondary transporters

These molecules use one concentration gradient to power the formation of another but move in the opposite direction. ___?___

symporters

*symporters = same both sides

*2 molecules in same direction

(True/False) Potassium channels are selective.

True

A base bound to a sugar is known as a ___?____

nucleoside

*nucleoside = base and sugar

*nucleotide = base, sugar, phosphate