Radiology 2B Week 1-5

What is the term for a fracture that penetrates the skin?

Open fracture

What type of fracture is susceptible to infection?

Open

What is the old term for an open fracture?

Compound fracture

What is the term for a fracture that does not penetrate the skin?

Closed fracture

What is the old term for a closed fracture?

Simple fracture

What is the term for a fracture with multiple intersecting fracture lines resulting in bony fragments?

Comminuted fracture

What is the term for a triangular cortical fragment in a comminuted fracture?

Butterfly fragment

What is the term for a fracture resulting in two fragments?

Non-comminuted

What is the term for a tearing away of bone by forceful muscular or ligamentous pulling?

Avulsion fracture

What are the two most common locations of avulsion fractures?

Tuberosities of long bones

Cervical spinous processes

What is the term for when. portion of bone is driven into an adjacent segment?

Impaction fracture

What is the finding of an impaction fracture?

Opaque line at region of impaction (usually fractures are Lucent)

What are the two types of impaction fractures?

Depressed fracture

Compression fracture

What is the term for an inward collapse of outer bone surface?

Depressed fracture

What is the AKA of a depressed fracture?

Ping Pong Fracture

What bones are characteristically affected by depressed fractures?

Tibial plateau

Frontal bone

What is the term for a decreased volume of bone due to trabecular collapse/telescoping?

Compression fracture

What bone commonly fractures via compression?

Vertebral bodies

What is the term for a fracture that completely traverses bones?

Complete fracture

What is the most common form of fracture in adults?

Complete fracture

What is the term for a fracture where the bone is only broken on one side?

Incomplete fracture

What demographic is most commonly affected by incomplete fractures?

Children

What are the two types of incomplete fractures?

Greenstick Fracture

Torus Fracture

What is the term for tension on the convex side of the bone, causing an incomplete transverse fracture on the convex side?

Greenstick fracture

What is the AKA of greenstick fracture?

Hickory stick

What is the finding of the concave side in a greenstick fracture?

Intact

What demographic is most affected by greenstick fractures?

Infants and children

What part of the bone is usually affected by green stick fractures?

Diaphysis

What is the term for compression forcing bone cortex to bulge outward?

Torus fracture

What is the AKA of torus fracture?

Buckling fracture

What part of the bone is usually affected by torus fracture?

Metaphysis

4 cm proximal to the distal end

What imaging modality is best for visualizing a torus fracture?

MRI

What is Dr. Short's saying for childhood fractures?

"Kids don't sprain, they break"

What is the term for a type of impaction causing minor localized break in cortex leaving minimal deformity?

Infraction

What is the most common form of infraction?

Freiberg infraction

What is the most common cause of Freiburg infarction?

Freiberg infraction

T or F: Infraction often comes with displacement

False (no displacement)

What is the term for fracture through a bone weakened by localized or systemic disease processes?

Pathologic fracture

What fracture orientation is indicative of pathologic fracture?

Transverse

What category of fracture is a chip fracture?

Avulsion fracture

What bones are typically affected by chip fracture?

Phalanx or other short tubular bones

What is the term for 2nd toe being longer than the 1st?

Morton's toe

What is commonly caused by a Morton's toe?

Freiburg's infraction

What % of bone must be lost to be able to see it on x-ray?

30-50%

What are the two types of stress fractures?

Fatigue fracture

Insufficiency fracture

What type of fracture is caused by repetitive micro trauma to bone?

Fatigue fracture

What type of fracture is caused by a stress fracture through a diseased bone?

Insufficiency fracture

What colour is cortical bone on MRI?

Black

What colour is cortical bone on CT?

white

What colour is fluid on T1 MRI?

Black

What colour is fluid on T2 MRI?

White

What is the term for clinical signs of fracture without radiographic signs?

Occult fracture

How long does an occult fracture take to reveal signs of healing on x-ray?

7-10 days

What is the most common location of occult fracture?

Scaphoid

What is the second most common location of occult fractures?

Ribs

What % of rib fractures can be seen on x-ray?

40%

What is the term for hemorrhage and bone marrow edema at trabecular micro fractures?

Bone bruise

What imaging modality is necessary to visualize bone bruise?

MRI (T2)

What ar the AKAs of pseuodfracture?

Looser's lines

Milkman's syndrome

Increment Fractures

Umbau zonen

What does a pseudo fracture represent?

Regions of unmineralized osteoid

What angle do pseudo fracture run relative to the cortex?

90 degrees (perpendicular

What conditions will present with a pseudo fracture?

Paget's disease

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Fibrous dysplasia

What is the most common location of an oblique fracture?

Diaphysis

What is the angle of an oblique fracture?

45 degrees

What type of forces create a spiral fracture?

Torsion

Axial compression

Angulation

(combined)

What are the margins of a spiral fracture like?

Sharp and pointy

What is the angle of a transverse fracture?

90 degrees

What does transverse fracture indicate?

Pathological bone

What is the term for the position of distal fragments in relation to proximal fragments in fractures?

Alignment/angulation

What is the term for no perceivable angulation on frontal and lateral views?

Good alignment

What is the term for the closeness of bony contact at fracture site?

Apposition

What is the term for partial bony contact at a fracture site?

Partial apposition

What is the term for twisting forces on long axis induced rotational deformity?

Rotation

What is used to describe rotational malpsoiton of fragments?

Rotation

What is the term for a partial loss of contact between articular components of joint?

Subluxation

What is the term for a complete less of contact between articular components of joint?

Dislocation

What is the term for a dislocation with a fracture present?

Fracture dislocation

How is dislocation described in the extremities?

Position of distal bone in relationship to proximal

How is dislocation described in the spine?

Position of upper segment upon lower

What is the term for a displacement or frank separation of a syndesmosis?

Diastasis

What bones can be affected by diastases?

Pubic symphysis

Skull

Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis

What is the MOI of a posterior ulna dislocation?

FOOSH + hyperextended elbow

What is the classification system for growth plate injuries?

Salter Harris

What determines the classification type for a salter Harris fracture?

The components of bone involved

What is the acronym for the presentation of salter Harris fractures?

SALTR

I = Slip

II = Above

III = Lower

IV = Through

V = Rammed

What type of salter Harris fracture involves partial or complete separation of epiphysis from the shaft of the bone?

Salter Harris I

What type of forces cause a Salter Harris I?

Shearing/avulsive

What type of salter Harris fracture is a slipped capital femoral epiphysis?

Salter Harris I

What line is used to evaluate for SCFE?

Klein's line

What is a positive finding for Klein's line?

The line does not intersect the femoral head

What disorder does "epiphyseal beaking" refer to?

SCFE

What demographic is most affected by SCFE?

Obese boys, 11-15 yo

What is the most common type of salter Harris fracture?

Salter Harris II (75%)

What parts of the bone does a Salter Harris II fracture go through?

Growth plate

Metaphysis

What is the term for a metaphyseal fragment seen in Salter Harris II fractures?

Thurston Holland fragment

What type of Salter Harris fracture goes through the growth plate and epiphysis, but not the diaphysis?

Salter Harris III

Which Salter Harris Fracture requires immediate open reduction and realignment?

Salter Harris IV

Why does salter Harris IV fracture require immediate open reduction and realignment?

It can lead to closure of 1/2 of the growth plate and deformity

Which Salter Harris fracture is a crush injury of the growth plate?

Sa;ter Harris V

What is the most common cause of premature closure of an entire growth plate?

Salter Harris V