IMMUNOSERO

Mock exams

The practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from small pox lesions

Variolation

He proved that immunity to cowpox provided protection to smallpox by injecting fluid from cowpox lesions of an infected individual to a healthy individual

Edward Jenner

Exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent

Cross-Immunity

Procedure of injecting a weakened or attenuated cellular material into a healthy person

Vaccination

Father of immunology; coined the term vaccine; discovered the first live attenuated vaccine

Louis Pasteur

person associated with radioimmunoassay

Rosalyn Yellow

He first observed delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) during his research on MTB

Robert Koch

while studying starfish larvae he observed specialized cells moving to and engulfing foreign bodies or what’s called Phagocytosis

Elie Metchnikoff

Serum therapy(Passive immunization); Humoral theory of immunity

Emil Von Behring

Discovered Opsonins

Almroth Wright

Specificity of serological reactions book was made by?

Karl Landsteriner

Year T-cell Receptor was discovered?

1984

Who discovered antibody diversity

Susumo Tongawa

Who discovered antibody structure by using ultracentrifugation?

Gerald Edelman

Who discovered antibody structure by using papain digestion?

Rodney Porter

Who used pepsin to digest the antibody?

Alfred Nisonoff

Developed the Hybridoma Technique and Monoclonal antibodies

Georges Kohler & Cesar Milstein

Who discovered complement system

Jules Bordet

Alleged man suspected to spread syphilis in europe:

Christopher Columbus

Person responsible for infecting people with bacteria that caused typhoid outbreak?

Mary Mallon

Restaurant that caused an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak by infecting beef patties thus coining the term “Hamburger disease”

Jack in the box

Condition of being resistant to an infection

Immunity

Primary Lymphoid Organs:

Bone Marrow & Thymus

Antigen independent lymphoid organ

Primary lymphoid organs

Antigen dependent lymphoid organ

Secondary lymphoid organs

Lymphocytes are produced & differentiated in secondary lymphoid organs. Main contact with foreign antigens take place in primary lymphoid organs.

Both sentence are false

Lymphocytes are produced & differentiated in primary lymphoid organs. Main contact with foreign antigens take place in secondary lymphoid organs

Both sentence are true

Which lymphoid organ B-cell maturation takes place ?

Bone Marrow

Which lymphoid organ T-cell maturation takes place ?

Thymus

Secondary Lymphoid Organs:

1. Lymph Nodes

2. Spleen

3. Bone Marrow

4. CALT

5. MALT

1, 2, 4, 5

Lymphoid organ that filters antigens in the blood stream

Spleen

Lymphoid organ that filters fluid from the tissues?

Lymph nodes

Type of immunity that is present from birth, non-adaptive/nonspecific no prior exposure required and no memory ?

Natural immunity

factors affecting natural immunity:

1. nutrition

2. age

3. fatigue

4. stress

5. genetic determinants

6. exercise

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body

External defense system

Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organisms, promotes inflammation and phagocytosis

Internal defense system

First responders to bacterial infections, contains myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, muramidase, & lactoferrin

Neutrophil

WBC responders to parasitic, helminthic infection and also allergy. Caple of neutralizing basophil and mast cell products.

Eosinophil

Eosinophil component that contians arginine rich protein that plays major role in killing parasites

Major Basic Protein

WBC that responds to hypersensitivity or allergic reactions, and also produces inflammatory mediators that induce and maintian allergic reactions

Basophil

Tissue based basophil that produces inflammatory mediators that induce and maintian allergic reactions

Mast cell

Largest in PBS and migrates to the tissues, can perform microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, in vivo cell parasite eradication, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators and antigen presentation

Monocytes

Lung macrophage are called?

Alveolar marcrophage

Liver macrophage are called?

Kupffer cells

Brain macrophage are called?

Microglial cells

Connective tissue macrophage are called?

Histiocytes

Kidney macrophage are called?

Mesangial cells

Bone macrophage are called?

Osteoclasts

Placental macrophage are called?

Hoffbauer cells

Has membranous extensions that resembles nerve cell dendrites

Denditric cells

Most potent phagocytic cell in the tissue

Denditric cells

Most effective antigen presenting cell (APC)

Denditric cells

Dendritic cells in the skin and mucous membranes are called

Langerhans cells

Found predominantly at mucosal sites and contribute to innate response through rapid release of immunoregulatory cytokines (e.g. IFN-y)

Innate lymphoid cells

Large granular lymphocytes that are the first line of defense against tumor cells and virally infected cells

Natural Killer cells

This lymphocyte has a main surface antigen of CD16 & CD56

Natural Killer cells

Receptor for the Fc portion of IgG and allows NK cells to attach and lyse any cells that are coated with antibody

CD16

Releases perforins and granzymes

CD8+(Cytotoxic T-cells) & NK cells

Responsible for recognizing and lysing antibody-coated target cells through antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)

NK cells

Humoral components such as complement, lysozyme, properdin, betalysin and interferons are all soluble proteins. It acts as antiviral agents, immunomodulators and antineoplastic agents

Both sentences are true

Group of nonspecific serum components that enhances the effect of antibody

Complement

Enzyme with antibacterial activity found in tears, saliva and other cells

Lysozyme

Serum protein with bactericidal and viricidal effects in the presence of the third complement component and magnesium ions

Properdin

Heat-stable cationic substances with bactericidal activity found in the serum

Betalysin

Family of glycoproteins produced by all animal cells that exert virus-nonspecific but host-specific antiviral activity

Interferons

Type 1 IFN

1. IFN-alpha

2. IFN-beta

3. IFN-gamma

4. TNF

1 and 2 only

Type 2 IFN

1. IFN-alpha

2. IFN-beta

3. IFN-gamma

4. TNF

3 only

Type 1 IFN that is a plasmacytoid dendritic cells, has antiviral properties and increased MHC class I expression

IFN-alpha

Type 1 IFN that is classified as Th1 cells, fibroblasts, epithelial cells and has antiviral properties and increased MHC class I expression

IFN-beta

Type 2 IFN that is classified as Th1 cells, cytotoxic T-cells, NK cells, is a major macrophage activator and antagonist to IL-4 & IL-2

IFN-gamma

Principal mediator of the host response to GM- bacteria and may also play role in response to other infectious organism.

TNF

TNF that targets Macrophages, NK cells, induces local inflammation and endothelial activation

Either of the two because they are the same

TNF that targets T-cells, B-cells, induces cell death, and endothelial activation

Either of the two because they are the same

Molecules made by and act on lymphocytes which modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating growth, mobility, and differentiation of lymphoid cells

Interleukins (IL)

A proinflammatory cytokine and induces fever

IL1

Converts Natural Killer cells (NK) to Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK)

IL2

Induces Hematopoiesis in bone marrow and AKA multi colonoy stimulating factor

IL3

Naive T helper is converted to Th2 in its presence

IL4

Pro inflammatory cytokine thas is also a potential marker for stone disease

IL6

Secondary mediator of inflammation and acts as chemoattractant

IL8

Plasma proteins that increase or decrease during acute phase response of inflammation

Acute Phase Reactants

Site where APR is produce within 12-24hrs in response to a pro-inflammatory cytokine

Liver

CRP, SAA, Complement, AAT, Haptoglobin, Fibrinogen, Ceruloplasmin, Ferritin, Procalcitonin are classified as what type of APR

Positive APR

Albumin, Transferrin, Prealbumin (Transthyretin), Antithrombin are classified as what type of APR

Negative APR

Most widely used inficator of acute inflammation that increase w/in 4-6 hrs and is elevated in bacterial infections, viral infections, rheumatic fever, malignant disease, TB and post heart attack

CRP

Activates monocytes, and macrophage and ↑ significantly more in bacterial infections than viral. Also increased in chronic inflam, atherosclerosis and cancer

Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

Protease Inhibitor, ↓ in pulmonary emphysema

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin (AAT)

Clot formation

Fibrinogen

Binds Hemoglobin

Haptoglobin

Binds copper and oxidize iron, ↓ in Wilson’s disease

Ceruloplasmin

APR that performs opsonization and cell lysis

C3 complement

Trimer that acts opsonin and is widely distributed on mucosal suface in body

Mannan Binding Protein (MBP)

Which cytokines primarily stimulate the production of Type I acute phase reactants?

IL-1 and TNF-α

Which acute phase reactant is classified as a Type I APR?

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A patient's CRP rises within hours after tissue injury and rapidly returns to normal after recovery. This pattern is characteristic of:

Type I APRs

Which cytokine is the major stimulus for Type II acute phase reactants?

IL-6

Which acute phase reactant typically demonstrates delayed elevation lasting up to two weeks?

Fibrinogen

Which of the following is NOT a Type I acute phase reactant?

Haptoglobin

Inflammation is best defined as the:

Overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent

During the early stage of inflammation, histamine released from injured mast cells primarily causes:

Dilation of blood vessels