5010 Exam 3

interval recording

divide observation period into equal intervals and score th presence or absence of behavior within those intervals

types of interval recording

partial interval

whole interval

momentary time sampling

partial interval

record if behavior happens at all during interval

pros and cons of partial interval

pros:

does not require continuous observation

cons:

tends to overestimate the occurrence of a behavior

whole interval

record only if the behavior occurs continuously throughout the entire interval

pros and cons of whole interval

pros:

very good at sustained behavior

cons:

tends to underestimate the occurrence of behavior

momentary time sampling

record the occurrence or nonoccurrence of behavior only at the end of each interval

pros and cons of momentary time sampling

pros:

does not require continuous observation

cons:

misses behaviors in between the end of the intervals

baseline

the pattern of behavior prior to intervention

at least 3 baseline data points

purpose of baseline in research and evaluation

we have something to compare to if we are trying to figure out of a treatment is effective by using the baseline to know if something have changed

parts of a graph

1. horizontal axis/x axis

2. vertical axis/y axis

3. phase change line

4. phase labels

5. data points

6. data path

7. figure caption

terms to describe data

level

trend

variability

level

high, medium, or low

where the data path falls on the graph

trend

increasing, decreasing, zero/no trend

pattern in data which indicates a distinct direction in the performance of the behavior

variability

high, moderate, low

if you draw a straight line through the data path, the closer all of the data points to the line the lower the variability and the further the data points the higher the variability

shaping

the differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired behavior

differential reinforcement

one member of a response class is reinforced while others are not

successive approximation

an intermediate behavior to the desired behavior that is either a prerequisite for the desired behavior or that is formally similar to the desired response but is different in intensity, amount, or duration (individual behaviors progressively become more similar to the final target behavior)

advantages of shaping

teaching complex or difficult behavior such as speech

used when instruction or modeling is not enough

example of a behavior you should shape with at least 5 steps

behavior: asking for a break

first approximation: child can sign “break”

what are the shaping steps:

1. sign “break” (first approximation) → reinforcement

2. “B” —> reinforcement

   • withhold reinforcement for previous approximation of sign “break”

3. “Br” —> reinforcement

   • withhold reinforcement for sign “break” and “b”

4. “Brea” —> reinforcement

   • withhold reinforcement for previous approximations

5. “Break" —> reinforcement

   • withhold reinforcement for any other sound, words, or sign of “break”

how to shape:

reinforce the sound for each step and not the sound from the previous sounds

task analysis

the procedure for identifying smaller, teachable steps of a larger skill that will be taught using chaining

how to create a task analysis?

1. observe the individual(s) performing the complex skill/sequence of behaviors

2. consult people skilled at performing the task

3. perform the behaviors yourself

behavioral chaining

a sequence of stimuli and responses where the consequence of each response serves as the discriminative stimulus for the next response so that each stimulus and response pair forms a “link” in the behavior chain

strategy to teach complex/multi-step behaviors

uses of behavioral chaining

to effectively teach complex behavior by breaking them up into more simple and manageable behavioral units

chaining increases the probability of success and helps maintain contact with reinforcement

types of chaining

backward

forward

total task

backward chaining

begin with last response in chain and follow with reinforcement for last response

advantages and disadvantages of backward chaining

advantages:

contact with natural reinforcement for every trial

disadvantages:

may be hard to get them to engage in the earlier steps

forward chaining

begin with first response in chain and apply reinforcement to each response sequentially

advantages and disadvantages of forward chaining

advantages:

teaching the steps sequentially

disadvantages:

don’t get the natural reinforcement of it until mastered the whole behavior

total task chaining

all steps of task taught during every session

advantages and disadvantages of total task chaining

advantages:

gets exposure to the all of the tasks simultaneously

disadvantages:

natural reinforcement is delayed until they complete the entire sequence

components of BST

modeling

instruction

rehearsal

feedback

modeling

the correct behavior is demonstrated for the learner

the learner observes the models behavior and then imitates the model

types of modeling

live modeling: an in-person actor demonstrates the behavior in the appropriate situation in real time

symbolic modeling: the correct behavior is demonstrated via video, audio, or cartoon

instructions

describes the appropriate behavior for the learner

must be specific for maximal effectiveness

should describe the exact behaviors to be performed by the learner

if behaviors are to occur in a chain, the sequence should be described

should describe the appropriate circumstances in which the behavior is to occur

rehearsal

the opportunity to practice the behavior after receiving instructions and/or watching a modeling demonstrate the behavior

feedback

following the learner’s rehearsal of the behavior, the instructor should provide immediate feedback

example of implementing BST

skill: walking in the hall

implementing:

• modeling: I would model me acting like I am walking in the hall

• instructions: I would say “to walk in the hall I have a quiet voice with my hands to myself and calm feet”

• rehearsal: I would have my kiddos practice in my classroom

• feedback: I would give feedback after like “you guys did an amazing job having calm feet but lets try again and this time have a quiet voice".”