Joints & Muscles / Carrdiovascular system

What is the difference between agonist (prime mover) and an antagonist?

agonist contracts to cause a specific movement and antagonist relaxes/ stretches to allow the movement; opposing the aganoist

why must an antagonist or an agonist relax for the other to function during a movement like a bicep curl?

it prevents resistance; they would pull against each other locking the joint in place or causing inefficient movement

Define origin and insertion

origin is the attachment point on a stationary insertion is on the bone that moves

How can you determine which bone is the insertion point based on the movement of a limb

the bone that moves towards the other is the insertion point

What is the primary functional difference between a tendon and a ligament

tendons connect muscle to bone (transmitting force) ligaments connect bone to bone (stabilizing joints)

describe the clinical consequences if a ligament if fully compromised

joint stability is lost, leading to dislocations or abnormal joint wear

Why does articular cartilage have a limited ability to repair itself compared to bone or skin

it has limited repair ability because its avascular (lacks blood supply) and relies on slow diffusion for nutrients

How does vascularity ( rich network of blood vessels in a tissue) and age play a role in articular cartilage limited ability to repair itself

Cartillage cells (chondrocytes) decrease and remaining cells become less efficient at maintaing tissue matrix; cartillage becomes thinner and less hydrated over time making it susceptible to further damage

Compare amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) and diathroses (freely moveable)

amphiarthroses slightly moveable and its structure provides a balance between stability and flexibility. DIarthroses is freely moveable (knee shoulder) features a cavity and ligaments to allow for wide range of motion.

Contrast amphiarthroses(slightly moveable) and diathroses (freely moveable)

primary distinction lies in range of motion and structural composition; amipha are connected by cartillage and fibrous tissue diathroeses have complex synovial joints fluid filled cavity for range and movement

where is amphiarthroses found in the body and why is its specific structure fits its location

slightly moveable joints found in the the intervertable discs of the spine and the pelvis; its composed of hyaline cartillage its location allows for a middle ground for stability and flexibility

where is diathroses found in the body and why is its specific structure fits its location

it is the most common and mobile type in the joint in the human body primairly found in the appendicular skeleton wrists and ankles

If a muscle group responsible for extension at a specific joint is damaged what is the resulting physical limitations for the patient?

inabilty to actively straighten the joint and weakened explosive power

what is the relationship between antigens in red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma?

their marker proteins found on the surface ( A,B, or Rh), antibodies are proteins found in in your plasma recognizes and attacks foreign antigens

why does type AB+ blood not typically react to type B- donor blood?

It has bothe A and B antigens in the red blood cells: their immune cells recognizes both A and B antigens as “self” donner B- has B antigens

what is hematocrit

measure of volume percentage of red blood cells in the blood

how does an abnormally high hematocrit (polycythemia) impact peripheral resistance and the work load of the heart?

its increases resistance . Thicker viscous blood creates more internal friction making it harder for the blood to flow through the vessel network, the heart must pump with greater force to move the blood leading to high blood pressure

why does chronic hypertension lead to ventricular hypertrophy?

describe the long term structural changes the heart undergoes to combate high afterload

what is the role of elastic fibers in the aorta?

what happens to systolic blood pressure when the aorta becomes rigid due to arteriosclerosis

what is the function of the valves

what happens to blood flow in the lower extremities when valves fail

how does anatomy of a capillary ( singles cell layer thickness) support its primary physiological function

how does a hole in the intreventricular septum impact the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues?

what cellular level events occur when a cornary artery is blocked? why does lack of oxygen lead to a cessation of ATP production