Chapter 4 med term: body structures

chromatin

structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins

condenses to form chromosomes during cellular division

chromosome

threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes

egg and sperm both have 23 unpaired chromosomes and after fertilization each cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) one from mom and one from dad

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

metabolism

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

includes anabolism (building) and catabolism (breaking down) of body constituents

Organelle

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function

ex: nucleus (reproduction)

membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions

Three main cell structures

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

cytoplasm

jelly like matrix of proteins, salts, water, and dissolved gases and nutrients that host the organelles

nuclues

cells largest organelle that directs cells activities (metabolism, growth, and reproduction)

Chromosomes

chromatin that has been condensed to prepare for cell divison

Epithelial tissue

covers organ surfaces, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides secreting portions of glands, and makes up epidermis

cells are arranged in a continuous sheet

Connective tissue

supports and connects other body tissues

ex: blood, cartilage, and fat

Muscle tissue

provides contractile tissues for the body (responsible for movement)

Nervous tissue

transmits electrical impulses and relays information throughout the body

organs

preform specialized functions and are comprised of two or more tissue types.

Body system

composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions

Ex: digestive system

Organism

Highest level of organization, that is a complete and living entity capable of individual existence

Anatomical position

a body position that is used to standardize locations and divisions of the human body

person is facing forward,erect, arms are at the side of the body with palms facing upward

plane

imaginary flat surface that divides the body into 2 segments

Coronal plane

AKA: frontal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (cuts vertically through the middle of the body)

Transverse plane

AKA: horizontal plane

divides the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom) by cutting horizontally through the middle of the body

The midsagittal plane

AKA:median

runs through the center of the body and divides it into right and left halves

Abduction

movement away from the midsagittal plane

Adduction

Movement towards the the midsaggital plane

medial

pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

lateral

pertaining to a side (away from the midline)

Superior (cephalad)

Toward the head or an upper portion of a structure

Inferior (caudual)

away from the head or toward the tail/lower portion of a structure

Proximal

nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

Distal

Further from the center (trunk of the body) or the point of attachment to the body

Anterior (ventral)

Front of body

Posterior (dorsal)

Back of body

Parietal

Pertaining to the outerwall of the body cavity

Visceral

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs (especially the abdominal organs)

Prone

lying on the abdomen (face down)

Supine

laying horizontally on the back (face up)

Inversion

Turning inward or inside out

Eversion

Turning outward

Palmar

referring to the palm of the hand

Plantar

referring to the sole of the foot

Superficial

Toward the surface of the body (external)

Deep

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

Dorsal cavity

located on the back of the body (posterior)

contains the spinal and cranial cavity

a continuous cavity with no divisions between it’s two subdivisions

Cranial cavity

a subdivision of the dorsal cavity that is formed by the skull and contains the brain

Spinal cavity

a subdivision of the dorsal cavity that is formed by the backbone (spine) and contains the spinal cord

The meninges

The membranes that line the spinal and cranial cavity as well as the brain and spinal cord

The ventral cavity

located on the front of the body and is divided into the abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity

NOT continuous and there is a division between the two cavities

Diaphragm

A muscular wall that is the division between the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic cavity

division of the ventral cavity and contains the lungs and heart

Abdominopelvic cavity

division of the ventral cavity that is further divided into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

The abdominal cavity

Subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains the liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys

The pelvic cavity

Cavity that is the inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity and contains urinary bladder and male and female reproductive organs

Quadrants

division system used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into 4 sections to allow for location of specific sites for diagnostic purposes

Right upper quadrant

Abb. RUQ

includes the right lobe of the liver, the gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and part of the large and small intestines

Left upper Quadrant

Abb. LUE

left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, and part of the large and small intestine

Right lower quadrant

Abb. RLQ

Part of the large and small intestines, the appendix, the right ovary, the right fallopian tube, and right ureter

Left lower quadrant

Abb. LLQ

Part of the large and small intestines, the left ovary, the left fallopian tube, and left ureter

Abdominopelvic regions

9 regions that anatomist use to divide the abdominopelvic cavity

Right hypochondriac region

upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

Epigastric region

upper middle region

Left hypochondriac regions

Upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

right lumbar region

middle right lateral region

umbilical region

Region of the naval

left lumbar region

middle left lateral region

Right inguinal (illiac) region

Lower right lateral region

Hypogastric region

lower middle region

Left inguinal region

lower left lateral region

The vertebral column

AKA : spine/back bone

comprised of 26 irregular ones(vertebrae) and connective tissue so that it is flexible and curved

cyt

cell

hist

tissue

kary

nucleus

nucle

nucleus

anter

anterior/front

caud

tail

ad (suffix)

toward

cephal

head

dist

far,farthest

dors

back (of body)

infer

lower/below

later

side/to one side

medi

middle

poster

back (of body)

behind

posterior

proxim

near,nearest

ventr

belly, belly side

albin

white

leuk

white

chrom

color

cirrh

yellow

jaund

yellow

Xanth

yellow

cyan

blue

erythr

red

melan

black

poli

grey.grey matter

radi

radiation, x-ray, radius

tom

to cut

viscer

internal organs

ar (suffix) and ic (suffix)

pertaining to

long sound

has a straight line over a letter

short sound

curved line (u) above letter

signs

objective indicators of disease that are observable