Chapter 2 (2)

WHO definition of Health and Limitations

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity

Cultural definitions of health: Native Americans

health is achieved through harmony with nature (family, community, environment)

Cultural definitions of health: Africans

balance with nature (nature, god, and the living or dead)

Cultural definitions of health: Asians

health is dependent on their relationship to the universe (balance between polar elements: yin and yang)

Daily Responsibilities and Health: Koreans

parents do not want to burden their children with their health problems

Daily Responsibilities and health: Mexicans

males may ignore physical complaints because it is a sign of weakness

characteristics of good health (united states edition)

- physical characteristics over well being (skin color, weight maintenance and hair texture)
- appropriate energy levels
- sleeping without disturbance
- normal body functions: bowel movements, menstrual cycles, using all five senses, etc.
- behavioral norms: marriage, family

somatization

expression of emotions through bodily complaints

examples of anti-aging products and treatments in the US

plastic surgeries, technology to enhance life, cosmetic and skin care products, vitamins and supplements

Body image perception in different cultures: influences in the United states

pressure to be thin: advertisements and fashion industry, medical providers assuming patient is unhealthy(ie. mass media, social media)

Body image perception in different cultures: blacks

women were more satisfied with their body image compared to overweight white women and having a larger body is normal

Body image perception in different cultures: hispanics/Latinx

preference for having more weight for themselves and preferred having children with excess weight

eating disorder classifications include

anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and orthorexia nervosa

anorexia nervosa

fear of weight gain, failure to maintain body weight resulting in a weight that is 15% or more below recommended, and affected individuals may be in denial while receiving treatment

bulimia nervosa

recurrent binge eating and elf induced vomiting, laxatives, enemas or medications

orthorexia nervosa

pursuit for healthy food consumption and leads to selection and consumption of healthy foods but can lead to dietary restrictions, stereotyped eating or impairment in important areas of functioning

issues with diagnosing male eating disorders

surveys and assessments for diagnosis (framing of questions may have gender bias and are targeted towards females) stigma and lack of awareness

Yin and Yang system of eating

yin (raw, soothing, cooked at low temperatures and white or light green) yang (hair calorie foods, cooked in high temperatures and red or orange in color)

perception of foods associated with strength and vitality

(united states) milk and carrots (indians) meat and cornmeal

sympathetic quality of the food definition and example

characteristic of the food resembles a human body part or organ (red wine for Italians, gelatin for american women and ginseng for asia)

definition of illness

personal perception of being unable to preform the expected actions or responsibilities

definition of sickness

the whole disease illness process

purpose of explanatory models

to address causes of the disease, perception and expression of symptoms, healing processes and why one individual becomes sick and another does not

three causes of disease in biomedical culture

immediate (bacterial or viral, toxins, tumors or physical injury) underlying (smoking, high cholesterol, etc.) and ultimate (hereditary predisposition, environmental stresses, obesity)

client theories on etiology of illness (the patient) genetic or psychological examples

inherited (heart disease) or emotional susceptivity (depression)

client theories on etiology of illness (the patient) lifestyle choice examples

developing heart disease from eating fatty foods, using tobacco, etc.

the natural world: environmental factors examples

weather, allergens, smoke, pollution, toxins

the natural world: biological agents examples

viruses, bacteria and parasites

the natural world: natural occurrences examples

volcano, eruptions, lightening, falling rocks

the social world: evil eye example

(adults) headache, complications in pregnancy and birth and insanity (children) colic, crying, convulsions and seizures

the social world: conjury example

a person directing illness or injury to the individual (native americans: animals or natural phenomena causing harm)

the supernatural world example

nightmare spirits in Southeast Asian cultures

factor influencing the healing process selection

patients perspective on the severity of the illness and selection of the healer

patients perspective on the severity of the illness

less severe: home remedies used

selection of the healer

availability, cost, experience, referrals, patient perspective; folk illness (biomedical healer may not be knowledgable)

reasons why patients reject biomedical care

care is not patient centered, disagreement about treatment, expensive, inconvenient, inaccessible and lack of cultural competency

types of healing therapies

pharmaceutical and diet prescriptions

diet prescriptions

health food preparations, prepackages diet meals and vitamins and mineral supplements

physical forces and devices: purpose of massage therapy, pinching etc.

releasing energy flow through the body, relieve muscle tension, deliver oxygen to the organs and remove wastes

physical forces and devices: coining process

use of tiger balm

physical forces and devices: acupuncture

insertion of fine needles to restore the balance of energy in the body, corrects conditions when there is too much heat in the body

physical forces and devices: biofeedback

administering small electrical pulses to teach a person how to monitor and control involuntary motor functions

physical forces and devices: hydrotherapy

baths used for reliving back pain, muscle tension and asthema (sauna)

magico religious interventions: sacred healers

prayers, blessings, chanting, singing, charms, conjury, therapeutic substances and application of physical cures

magico religious interventions: purpose of the shaman

composite preist, magician, doctor that uses application of techniques to create harm between the patient and the universe

medical pluralism

consecutive or concurrent muse of multiple health care systems which have demonstrated that the use of healers in some groups increases with education and income level

transcultural nursing theory: purpose

provide cultural and consistent care that is beneficial, satisfying and meaningful to clients and identifies three models of effective care:

transcultural nursing theory: constructs includes

cultural preservation, cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation and/or cultural care repatterining or reconstructing

cultural preservation and maintainance

traditional health belief or practice (encouraged by provider)

cultural care accommodation or negotiation

provider, patient (or family member) when there is an expectation for care that is outside biomedical convention

cultural care repatterining or reconstructing

provider and patient agree that a habit is harmful to health (make a new and healthy lifestyle)

describe how biomedical services can be more patient centered

comfortable office environment, partnerships with healers, provide referrals to community resources, offer flexible office hours, and continuing education activities for staff