global test on slides 35-65

indulgences

“forgiveness of sins” that the church sold. this upset many christians, especially in northern europe

95 theses

a list of objections to selling indulgences wrote by martin luther

charles V

the holy roman emperor of 1521 that summoned martin luther to the diet of worms

diet of worms

a formal assembly of the holy roman empire in worms

protestants

martin luthers followers

peace of augsburg

allowed each prince to decide the religion of their land after charles and the protestant princes reached a settlement

ulrich zwingli

swiss reformer that stressed the importance of the bible and rejected elaborate church rituals

john calvin

established a new protestant religion which became popular all over europe

predestination

the belief that god has already chosen who’d be saved

sects

religious divisions

anabaptists

a popular sect that emerged

anne boleyn

the younger woman that henry wanted to marry, but the pope refused

act of supremacy

parliament passed this act which made henry the only supreme head of the church of england

edward VI

henry’s nine year old son who took over when he died

mary

when edward VI died, he was succeeded by his catholic sister mary (bloody mary)

elizabeth

when mary died in 1558, she was succeeded by her protestant sister, elizabeth

council of trent

the pope called for them in 1545 to fix the problems faced by the catholic church

jesuits

advisors to many catholic rulers and opened many schools that promoted humanist and catholic beliefs

ignatius of loyola

founded the jesuits

inquisition

a court that used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy

ghettos

special parts of city states that jewish people were forced to live in

charles I/charles V

king of spain in 1516, inherited all spanish colonies + holy roman empire(became known as charles V), constant wars against ottomans and was abdicated in 1556

spanish armada

led by phillip II against elizabeth I of england

henry IV

a huguenot prince who said “paris is worth a mass”, assassinated in 1610

edict of nantes

passed by henry IV in 1598, granting religious toleration to all huguenots.

louis XIII

became king after henry IV died

cardinal richelieu

louis XIII’s chief advisor, strengthened catholicism in france

louis XIV

inherited the throne in 1643, became the ideal absolute monarch, said “l’tat c’est moi!” or “i am the state!”

edict of fontainebleau

passed by louis XIV to revoke the edict of nantes

the sun king

louis XIV referred to himself as that

phillip V

louis’ grandson, inherited the throne of spain, war broke out between france and england

the war of spanish succession

the war that ended in 1713 and hurt france financially for many years

treaty of utrecht

called for independent countries of france and spain

thirty years war

caused by the religious divisions and political disunity in the holy roman empire

maria theresa

she had 16 kids

frederick the great

frederick william I’s son that he raised under harsh conditions which made him successful enough to earn this nickname.

ivan III / ivan the great

introduced absolute power to russia, his grandson ivan IV (aka ivan the terrible) because the first russian ruler to be crowned czar

czar

an absolute monarch or emperor who ruled russia

peter the great

wanted to modernize and westernize russia, expanded the size of russian territory. failed to acquire his most important objective: a warm water port

thomas hobbes

englishman who believed in powerful government.

wrote leviathan. thought that people were basically cruel, needy and selfish. He said that people should enter a social contract with a powerful government to live in an organized society. said that life without government would be nasty, brutish and short.

leviathan

referred to the absolute power of the state

john locke

englishman who believed that men were born with natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. he wrote the second treatise on government. he said people formed governments to protect their natural rights. he rejected absolute monarchies.