ch5 409

Liquid Filling Line

Orienting

➢ Cleaning

➢ Filling

➢ Capping

➢ Sealing

How are closures generally fed?

Closures are generally fed down an inclined or vertical track by gravity.

What is the typical height of the track for feeding closures?

The track is typically 6-8 feet high.

When might closures be fed horizontally?

Closures may be fed horizontally when there are issues such as space availability.

What are screw caps?

A type of closure that can be continuous, lug, or roll on threads.

What are snap on caps?

A type of closure that is designed to snap onto the container.

What are stoppers and plugs?

Types of closures used to seal containers.

What are crimp caps?

A type of closure that is secured by crimping.

What are foil seals?

A type of closure that uses a foil material to seal containers.

What are seamed lids?

A type of closure that is attached by seaming.

What are pumps, sprayers, and other specials?

Specialized closures used for dispensing liquids.

What is a key feature of screw caps?

They can be opened and closed multiple times.

What type of thread does the male portion of a screw cap engage with?

The female portion of the thread on the bottle.

What are the two types of threads associated with screw caps?

Continuous and discontinuous threads.

What is a characteristic of continuous threads?

They have at least one full revolution thread.

Why might discontinuous threads be useful?

They can be useful for certain products.

What is the process of Screw Capping?

The process of applying a screw cap to a bottle.

What is a Roller Screw Capper?

A machine that screws a cap onto a bottle by passing the bottle and cap between sets of turning discs.

What is closure head space?

The space between the product and the closure in a container.

What conditions are most closures applied under?

Atmospheric conditions.

What can the presence of air in closure head space cause?

Premature deterioration of the product.

What can be used to fill the headspace to avoid deterioration?

Inert gases such as N2 or argon.

What is one method to create a vacuum in closure head space?

Using steam.

What is another method to eliminate air in closure head space?

Applying a vacuum.

What is a characteristic of hand held chuck cappers?

Low production

What type of chuck cappers are bench top?

Single head automatic chuck cappers

What is the production speed of single head automatic chuck cappers?

50 bpm

What type of chuck cappers have multiple heads?

Multiple head automatic chuck cappers

Why is gripping important in cap design?

Gripping is important to ensure proper application and removal of caps.

What may affect the effectiveness of gripping?

Gripping may not work with all cap designs.

What is necessary to prevent slippage when gripping?

Sufficient force (Torque) is important.

What can happen if insufficient torque is applied?

Slippage can occur.

How can the design of the cap be adjusted?

The design of the cap can be tailored.

What aspect of the container affects gripping?

Rigidity of the container affects gripping.

What happens with less rigid containers?

Less rigid containers can lead to deformation.

What are the different parts of a cap?

The different parts are knurl, inner seal, and thread.

What is the function of Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

Cap tightened using spinning friction wheels or discs.

How many sets of wheels are generally used in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

Generally, two sets of wheels.

What does the first pair of wheels do in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

Engages the cap with the bottle.

What is the purpose of the second pair of wheels in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

Driven using clutches for short contact time.

Why is the distance between the wheels critical in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

If discs are too close, there is too much torque; if too far, the cap slips, leading to poor torque application.

What type of operation do Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers generally perform?

In-line operation.

What is the maximum speed of Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

600 bpm.

What material is used in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers for abrasion resistance?

Polyurethane insert.

What properties does the polyurethane insert provide in Friction Wheel/Spindler Cappers?

Abrasion resistance and hardness.

What is a roll on cap similar to?

Screw caps

How are threads formed on a roll on cap?

By moving rollers around a flexible shell to shape it to the contour of the threaded bottle neck

What type of closure is a roll on cap?

Tamper proof closure

What is a common material used for roll on caps?

Aluminum

When are roll on caps sometimes used?

As an over cap on a bottle sealed with cork

What are screw cap chucks also known as?

Passive Capping chucks

What is inside the shell of a screw cap chuck?

Elastomer

What type of applications are screw cap chucks good for?

Low-speed applications

What is a disadvantage of screw cap chucks?

Lack of positive gripping

How much of the cap does the elastomer grip in a screw cap chuck?

A small portion of the cap

What happens to the grip of a screw cap chuck when more downward force is required?

Slippage occurs

What can minimize slippage in screw cap chucks?

Cap design features

What is a consequence of wear and tear on screw cap chucks?

Leaves scratches at the surface of the cap

Cap Torque application

• Off/removal torque is the desired parameter

• On/application torque is what is applied on the line

• Off torque is a function of many factors:

• Capper clutch setting

• Container neck/closure diameters

• Chuck speed

• Liquid on the container neck

What is a characteristic of lug caps?

They have a short length of lugs.

What is avoided when using lug caps?

Over-tightening.

What material are lug caps typically made of?

Metal.

How are lug caps sealed in vacuum packaging?

The cap is pushed down by vacuum generated by steam or hot filled product.

What feature do lug caps have for tamper evidence?

The cap caves in.

What sound is produced when a lug cap is opened?

An audible pop.

What is an induction sealer?

A device used to seal containers using electromagnetic induction.

What materials can be used as a liner in induction sealing?

Aluminum foil and thermoplastic sealer such as LDPE.

Where is the liner located in relation to the cap?

The liner is a part of the cap.

What happens to the bottle during the induction sealing process?

The bottle passes under the induction coil.

What does the induction coil generate?

An oscillating magnetic field.

What does an induction sealer use to heat the aluminum foil liner?

A magnetic field

What happens to the aluminum foil liner during the induction sealing process?

It melts and releases from the cap

What does the heat generated by the oscillating magnetic field do to the polymer coating?

It melts the polymer coating, creating a bond between the liner and the bottle

Induction Sealer

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What is the primary function of an induction sealer?

Heat generation

What frequency range is typically used in induction sealing?

50-60Hz

What is cut by magnetic force lines in induction sealing?

Aluminum

What type of current is used in induction sealing?

Alternating current

What is induced on the foil during induction sealing?

Current

What produces heat in the foil during induction sealing?

Resistance

What is one type of sealing head used in induction sealing?

Flat sealing head

What is another type of sealing head used in induction sealing?

Tunnel sealing head

What is a common issue with induction seals?

Improper torque - liner does not touch uniformly against the bottle.

How can line speed affect induction sealing?

Line speed (time) too high or too low can cause sealing issues.

What can happen if the liner does not melt properly?

It can lead to ineffective sealing.

What effect can high temperature have on induction sealing?

Too high temperature can impact chain entanglement.

Which type of cap is better for induction sealing?

Screw caps are better than snap caps for induction sealing.

examples of defects

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Infrared Spectroscopy

FTIR

IR-Spectrum

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Press-On Capping

A method of sealing containers by pressing a cap onto the opening, ensuring a tight fit without the need for heat.

Heat Seal Capping

A sealing technique that uses heat to bond a cap to a container, creating an airtight seal.

Laminated Foil Cap

A type of heat seal cap made from layers of foil and other materials, providing a barrier against moisture and oxygen.

Heat Shrink Cap

A cap that shrinks tightly around the container when heat is applied, providing a secure seal.

What is tamper evidence packaging?

Packaging designed to indicate if a product has been tampered with.

Why is tamper evidence packaging important?

It is very important for certain products and industries, especially pharmaceuticals and food.

What happens if a tamper-evident package is tampered with?

It can be identified easily and evidently.

What are examples of tamper evidence packaging?

Induction sealed caps and double-seamed cans.

What variable is evaluated in an induction seal integrity test related to electromagnetic radiation?

Power

What variable measures the speed of the line in an induction seal integrity test?

Speed of the line