ImmunoSero Quickie Notes

What is the history behind the use of smallpox lesions in Chinese medicine?

Inhalation of dried powder from smallpox lesions

What is Lady Montagu known for in immunology?

Injection of material from smallpox crusts/blisters

What is Edward Jenner known for in immunology?

Cross immunity

Who is considered the father of immunology?

Louis Pasteur

What did Robert Kraus contribute to immunology?

Precipitins

What did Emil Von Behring contribute to immunology?

Serum antitoxins

What is Robert Koch known for in immunology?

Cellular immunity of TB

What did Elie Metchnikoff contribute to immunology?

Phagocytosis

What did White and Douglas contribute to immunology?

Opsonization

What did Charles Richet contribute to immunology?

Anaphylaxis

What did Jules Bordet contribute to immunology?

Complement

What is Karl Landsteiner known for in immunology?

ABO blood group

What did Burnet and Medawar contribute to immunology?

Immunologic tolerance

What did Edelman and Porter contribute to immunology?

Antibody structure

What did Snell, Dausset, and Beneceraf contribute to immunology?

MHC

What did Rosalyn Yallow contribute to immunology?

Radioimmunoassay

What did Niels Jerne contribute to immunology?

Immunoregulation

What did Koehler and Milstein contribute to immunology?

Monoclonal antibody

What did Susumo Tonegawa contribute to immunology?

Antibody diversity

What did Thomas and Murray contribute to immunology?

Transplantation

What is Alexander Fleming known for in immunology?

Penicillin

What did Frazer contribute to immunology?

HPV

What did Von Pirquet and Schick contribute to immunology?

Serum sickness

What did Salk and Sabin contribute to immunology?

Polio vaccine

What did Reed contribute to immunology?

Yellow fever

What did Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo contribute to immunology?

HIV

What significant discovery did Montagnier and Gallo make in 1984?

Discovery of T-cell receptor gene

What is a Kupffer cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the liver

What is a microglial cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the CNS

What is an osteoclast in immunology?

A macrophage in bone

What is an alveolar/dust cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the lung

What is a histiocyte in immunology?

A macrophage in connective tissue

What is a Hofbauer cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the placenta

What is a littoral cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the spleen

What is a mesangial cell in immunology?

A macrophage in the kidney

What is a type A lining cell in immunology?

A macrophage in synovium

What is interferon-alpha (IFN-α) responsible for in immunology?

Inhibits viral replication

What is interferon-beta (IFN-β) responsible for in immunology?

Inhibits viral replication

What is interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responsible for in immunology?

Secreted by Th1 and NK cells

activates macrophages

What is Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) responsible for in immunology?

Produced by macrophages and NK cells

induces fever and inflammation

What is Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta (TNF-β) responsible for in immunology?

Produced by CD4 and CD8 T cells

induces inflammation

What is interleukin-1 (IL-1) responsible for in immunology?

Induces fever, inflammation

What is interleukin-2 (IL-2) responsible for in immunology?

Stimulates T-cells

What is interleukin-3 (IL-3) responsible for in immunology?

Stimulates bone marrow

What is interleukin-4 (IL-4) responsible for in immunology?

Stimulates IgE production

What is interleukin-5 (IL-5) responsible for in immunology?

Stimulates IgA production

What is interleukin-6 (IL-6) responsible for in immunology?

Stimulates acute-phase reactants

What is a Toll-like receptor (TLR) responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes microbial molecules

What is TLR1 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes lipopeptides from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)

What is TLR2 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes peptidoglycan and lipoproteins from Gram-positive bacteria, MTB, and yeast

What is TLR3 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes double-stranded RNA from RNA viruses

What is TLR4 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes LPS from Gram-negative bacteria, RSV fungi

What is TLR5 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes flagellin from bacteria with flagellae

What is TLR6 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes lipopeptides and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria, MTB, and yeast

What is TLR7 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses

What is TLR8 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes single-stranded RNA from RNA viruses

What is TLR9 responsible for in immunology?

Recognizes double-stranded DNA from DNA viruses

What are acute phase reactants in immunology?

Proteins that increase in response to inflammation

What is C-reactive protein (CRP) responsible for in immunology?

Opsonization and complement activation

marker for cardiovascular disease

What is Serum Amyloid A responsible for in immunology?

Removes cholesterol

associated with atherosclerosis

What is α-1 Antitrypsin responsible for in immunology?

Protease inhibitor

decreased in premature emphysema and juvenile cirrhosis

What is Fibrinogen responsible for in immunology?

Clot formation

increased in coronary artery disease

What is Haptoglobin responsible for in immunology?

Binds hemoglobin

decreased in intravascular hemolysis

What is Ceruloplasmin responsible for in immunology?

Binds copper

decreased in Wilson’s disease

What is Complement C3 responsible for in immunology?

Opsonization and lysis

What is Mannose-binding Protein responsible for in immunology?

Complement activation

deficiency leads to increased infection

What is Procalcitonin used for in immunology?

Biomarker for sepsis

What is the function of immunoglobulins (IgG)?

Most abundant in serum

crosses placenta

most efficient in complement fixation

What is the function of immunoglobulins (IgA)?

Monomer in circulation, dimer in secretions

antibody in mucosal surfaces

What is the function of immunoglobulins (IgM)?

Largest antibody

most efficient in agglutination and complement fixation

What is the function of immunoglobulins (IgD)?

Regulates immune responses

What is the function of immunoglobulins (IgE)?

Least abundant

mediates allergic reactions and antihelminthic responses

What is the classical pathway of the complement system activated by?

IgM and IgG

requires calcium

What is the alternative pathway of the complement system activated by?

Microbe surface molecule

properdin stabilizes C3 convertase

requires magnesium

What is the lectin pathway of the complement system activated by?

Mannose or other sugars

What is C4b2a in the classical and lectin pathway?

C3 convertase

What is C4b2a3b in the classical and lectin pathway?

C5 convertase

What is C3bBb in the alternative pathway?

C3 convertase

What is C3bBb3b in the alternative pathway?

C5 convertase

What is the function of C1qrs in the complement system?

Recognition unit

What is the function of C4, C2, and C3 in the complement system?

Activation unit

What is the function of C3a, C4a, and C5a in the complement system?

Anaphylaxis