BIO 108: Blood

Cells needs are met by two fluids: __ & __.

blood, interstitial fluid.

__ is the fluid that bathes the body’s cells.

Interstitial fluid

Functions of __:

1. Transport of dissolved substances

2. Regulation of pH and ions

3. Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites

4. Defense against toxins and pathogens

5. Stabilization of body temperature

Blood

Blood volume (liters) = __ of body weight

8%

Blood volume in adult male is __.

5 to 6 liters

Blood volume in adult female is __.

4 to 5 liters

__ is 55% of blood volume.

Plasma

__ is 92% of plasma.

Water

__ is 7% of plasma and do not pass through capillary walls

Plasma proteins

Other solutes that make up 1% of blood are …

Electrolytes, Nutrients, Waste products, Gases

Red blood cell (RBCs) or __ transport oxygen.

erythrocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) or __ is part of the immune system

leukocytes

__ are cell fragments involved in clotting.

Platelets

__ equals the volume of blood that is RBC’s.

Hematocrit

Low hematocrit or decreased RBC results in __.

Anemia.

High hematocrit or increased RBC results in __ which can cause tumor, dehydration, blood doping.

Polycythemia

What is this a structure of:

• Small and highly specialized disc

• Thin in middle and thicker at edge

*(add image later)

Red blood cell

__ is the process of producing formed elements.

Hemopoiesis

__ are stem cells in bone marrow that divide to produce myeloid & lymphoid.

Hemocytoblasts

__ stem cells become RBCs, some WBCs.

Myeloid

__ stem cells become lymphocytes.

Lymphoid

__ stimulate cell production in RBCs, from kidney to red bone marrow.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

__ stimulate cell production in platelets, from liver to red bone marrow.

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

__ stimulate cell production in white blood cells, and has colony-stimulating factors & Interleukins.

Cytokines

What has the following characteristics:

• Red blood cell formation

• Occurs only in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

• Stem cells mature to become RBCs

Erythropoiesis

What lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes?

Red Blood Cells

What lives about 120 days, can’t repair itself, and eventually bursts?

Red Blood Cells

Where are old RBCs destroyed?

Spleen & Liver

What products are recycled from RBCs?

amino acid & iron

What is the transported form of iron?

Transferrin

What is the storage form of iron (liver)?

Ferritin

What is the absorbed form, aided by vit. C and inhibited by alcohol?

Ferrous

What is the waste product from heme?

Bilirubin

What is the final end product (feces)?

Urobilinogen

What is the final end product (urine)?

Urobilin

What break hemoglobin into components:

• globular proteins to amino acid

• heme to biliverdin

• iron

Phagocytes

Biliverdin (green) is converted to __ (yellow).

bilirubin

Bilirubin is excreted by __.

liver.

__ is caused by bilirubin buildup.

Jaundice

Bilirubin is converted by intestinal bacteria to __ and __.

urobilins, stercobilins.

Surface Antigens attack __ cells and ignore __ cells.

foreign, normal

What are the cell surface proteins that identify cells to immune system?

Surface Antigens

Which blood type has:

• Surface antigen A

• Anti-B antibodies

Type A

Which blood type has:

• Surface antigen B

• Anti-A antibodies

Type B

Which blood type has:

• Surface antigens A and B

• Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Type AB

Which blood type has:

• Neither A nor B surface antigens

• Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Type O

What determines if the blood type is either Rh positive (Rh⁺) or Rh negative (Rh^-)?

D antigen

Hemoglobin in RBCs transports __ from lungs to peripheral tissues, __ from tissues to lungs.

oxygen, carbon dioxide