Respiratory System (audio) (Kristina's)

What is the process of gas exchange in the body called?

Respiration

What are the two main mechanical steps of respiration?

Inhalation and exhalation

What happens to the chest during inhalation?

It expands and inflates.

What is the term for breathing in medical terms?

Pulmonary ventilation

What is the role of the alveoli in respiration?

They facilitate the exchange of gases between the lungs and blood.

What is the primary function of pulmonary circulation?

To pump blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange.

What is the normal cardiac output at rest?

Approximately 5 liters per minute.

What is a ventilation-perfusion scan used to diagnose?

Pulmonary embolism.

What happens to air temperature as it enters the respiratory tract?

It warms up.

What is diffusion in the context of respiration?

The movement of gases from high concentration to low concentration.

Where does diffusion occur during respiration?

At the alveoli and between blood and body cells.

How does the diffusion rate of CO2 compare to that of oxygen?

CO2 diffuses approximately twice as fast as oxygen.

What is the chemical phase of respiration primarily concerned with?

Cellular respiration, where cells utilize oxygen to produce energy.

What is glycolysis?

The anaerobic phase of cellular respiration that splits glucose into pyruvate.

What cycle do mitochondria use to produce energy from glucose?

The Krebs cycle.

What are the two forms of energy produced during cellular respiration?

ATP and heat.

What is the first phase of respiration?

Mechanical phase (inhalation and exhalation).

What is the second phase of respiration?

Physical phase (diffusion of gases).

What is the third phase of respiration?

Chemical phase (cellular respiration).

What does the respiratory system start with?

The nose.

What is the role of the respiratory system's anatomy?

To facilitate the process of respiration.

What happens to air as it exits the lungs?

It cools down.

What is the significance of matching air volume and blood supply in the lungs?

It ensures efficient gas exchange.

What happens if there is a mismatch between air volume and blood supply in the lungs?

It can indicate a pulmonary embolism.

What is the importance of the respiratory system in metabolism?

It provides oxygen necessary for cellular respiration and energy production.

What is the primary gas exchanged during respiration?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What is the total number of cells in the human body?

Approximately 75 trillion.

What is the trachea?

the windpipe that connects the voice box to the airways.

What are the two main divisions of the respiratory tract?

The upper respiratory tract

The lower respiratory tract.

What is the landmark that differentiates the upper from the lower respiratory tract?

The voice box (larynx).

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

To change its size for inhalation and exhalation.

What muscles are found between the ribs?

• The external intercostal muscles

• internal intercostal muscles

• transverse thoracic muscles

What is the role of the external intercostal muscles?

They lift the ribs and increase the thoracic cavity size during inhalation.

How do internal intercostal muscles function?

They pull the ribs down during forced exhalation.

What is the diaphragm's role in respiration?

It contracts to increase the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity during inhalation.

What nerve supplies the diaphragm?

The phrenic nerve,

originating from spinal segments C3, C4, and C5.

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

It contracts and moves downward, increasing the thoracic cavity volume.

What is the plural membrane?

The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.

What is the function of the intercostal veins and arteries?

They supply blood to the intercostal muscles and surrounding tissues.

What happens to the thoracic cavity during exhalation?

The size decreases as the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles pull the ribs down.

What is the anatomical position of the external intercostal muscles?

They run from the inferior border of the rib above to the superior border of the rib below.

What is the anatomical position of the internal intercostal muscles?

They run opposite to the external intercostals

from the superior border of the rib below to the inferior border of the rib above.

What is the transverse thoracic muscle?

A muscle that helps stabilize the thoracic cavity and assists in respiration.

What is the role of the diaphragm in normal inhalation?

It contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

What is the significance of the thoracic cavity's size change?

It is essential for the mechanical phase of respiration, allowing for air intake and expulsion.

What is the relationship between the diaphragm and the pleura?

The diaphragm is attached to the pleura, and its movement affects the pleural pressure.

What happens to the thoracic cavity during forced exhalation?

The internal intercostal muscles contract to decrease the cavity size and expel air.

What is the primary action of the external intercostal muscles during inhalation?

They elevate the ribs, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

What muscle assists in stabilizing the thoracic cavity?

The transverse thoracic muscle.

What is the diaphragm's shape at rest?

It is dome-shaped.

What is the role of the intercostal muscles in respiration?

They assist in expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity during breathing.

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

To facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and expelling carbon dioxide.

What muscles are primarily involved in normal inhalation?

• The external intercostal muscles

• diaphragm.

What happens to the muscles during normal exhalation?

The external intercostal muscles relax and recoil, requiring no active muscle contraction.

What is forced inhalation?

An active process where additional muscles are contracted to increase air intake.

Which muscles are recruited during forced inhalation?

• The sternocleidomastoid

• scalene muscles

• pectoralis minor

What is the role of the abdominal muscles in forced exhalation?

They assist in expelling air by increasing intra-abdominal pressure.

What is a sign of respiratory distress in a patient?

Use of accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid to breathe.

What is a 'pigeon chest' deformity?

A condition where the chest protrudes outward, resembling a pigeon's chest.

What is a 'funnel chest' or pectus excavatum?

A deformity characterized by a depression in the center of the chest.

What is a 'barrel chest'?

A condition where the chest appears rounded and barrel-like, often seen in chronic asthma patients.

What is scoliosis?

A lateral curvature of the spine that can affect the shape of the thoracic cage.

What is a 'flail chest'?

A condition where a segment of the rib cage moves paradoxically due to multiple rib fractures.

What happens to the chest during inhalation in a flail chest?

The affected segment of the rib cage moves inward instead of outward.

What is the nasal septum made of?

The perpendicular plate and the vomer bone.

What is the primary function of the nasal septum?

To separate the nasal cavity into two nostrils.

What is the structure of the nose primarily composed of?

One-third bony structure and two-thirds cartilage.

What can cause a crooked nose?

Injury to the cartilage due to poor blood supply.

What is the significance of the thoracic cage shape?

It is crucial for proper respiratory mechanics and function.

What happens to a child's chest during respiratory distress?

The sternum may retract, and the trachea may move up and down.

What should be done for a patient in respiratory distress?

Provide oxygen and maintain the airway to prevent exhaustion.

What is the clinical importance of recognizing abnormal thoracic shapes?

It helps in diagnosing underlying respiratory conditions.

What is the consequence of using back muscles for breathing?

It indicates severe respiratory distress and compensatory mechanisms.

What is the role of the diaphragm in breathing?

It contracts during inhalation to increase thoracic volume.

What is the effect of chronic respiratory conditions on the thoracic cage?

They can lead to deformities such as barrel chest.

What is the purpose of aggressive treatment in respiratory distress?

To stabilize the patient and prevent further complications.

What is the impact of rib fractures on breathing mechanics?

They can lead to impaired chest movement and pain during inhalation.

What is the significance of the thoracic cage during inhalation?

It expands to allow air to fill the lungs.

What is the primary function of the nasal system?

To separate the nasal cavity into two parts and facilitate breathing.

What can cause a deviated septum?

Uneven growth of bone on one side of the nasal cavity.

What is a common clinical concern for newborns with a deviated septum?

They may experience difficulty breathing and require correction through rhinoplasty.

What is rhinoplasty primarily performed for?

To correct a deviated septum or for cosmetic enhancement

What are the nasal conchae?

Structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area and help warm and humidify air.

How many nasal conchae are present on each side of the nasal cavity?

Three:

• superior nasal conchae

• middle nasal conchae

• inferior nasal conchae

What is the role of the nasal conchae in airflow?

They create turbulence in the airflow, decreasing its velocity.

What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

What is the function of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity?

To warm and moisten the air entering the nasal cavity.

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Cavities within the bones of the skull that lighten its weight and provide resonance.

What condition is characterized by inflammation of the sinuses?

Sinusitis.

What are common symptoms of sinusitis?

Congestion and pressure in the sinuses.

How do the paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavity?

Through openings in the superior and middle nasal conchae.

What is the function of the olfactory epithelium?

To detect smells.

What is the significance of the rich blood supply in the nasal cavity?

It helps warm the air entering the nasal passages.

What happens when nasal capillaries rupture?

It can lead to nosebleeds, especially in children or those with high blood pressure.

What is the external nares?

The external opening of the nasal cavity.

What is the internal nares?

The opening that connects the nasal cavity to the pharynx.

What is the role of mucus in the nasal cavity?

To trap particles and moisten the air.

What is the anterior nares?

Another term for the external nares or nostrils.

What is the posterior nares?

Another term for the internal nares.

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

To filter, warm, and moisten air before it enters the lungs.