Cardiovascular Disease: Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke

These flashcards cover key concepts related to ischemic heart disease and stroke, including pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and preventive measures.

What is ischemic heart disease also known as?

Coronary heart disease or coronary artery disease.

What causes ischemic heart disease?

A reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to atheromatous plaque build-up.

What are the common symptoms of ischemic heart disease?

Chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in neck, shoulders, jaw or arms, feeling faint, nausea.

What are some risk factors for ischemic heart disease?

High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol intake.

What is the most common form of cardiovascular disease?

Ischemic heart disease.

What is the role of atherosclerosis in ischemic heart disease?

It leads to cardiac muscle dysfunction by interrupting oxygen supply to myocardial tissue.

What is stable angina?

Chronic insufficiency causing pain accentuated by exertion.

What does unstable angina indicate?

Pain even at rest and possible plaque deterioration.

What term is used for a stroke with no obvious explanation?

Cryptogenic stroke.

What are the two main types of stroke?

Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke.

What is an ischemic stroke typically caused by?

Blockage of a blood vessel.

What is hemorrhagic stroke caused by?

Bleeding into the brain or membranes around the brain.

What does atherosclerotic stroke result from?

Plaque formation in the brain.

What is thrombosis?

Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally.

What is the biggest risk factor for ischemic stroke?

High blood pressure.

What condition is characterized by obstruction from an embolus?

Embolism.

What are signs of an impending stroke?

Sudden onset of neurological symptoms.

What mnemonic is used to remember signs of stroke?

BE FAST.

What imaging techniques are used to diagnose stroke?

CT scans and MRI scans.

What medical history factors are considered in diagnosing ischemic heart disease?

Symptoms, risk factors, and family history.

What is the gold standard for diagnosing ischemic heart disease?

Coronary angiography.

What are the signs of myocardial ischemia on an ECG?

ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion.

What procedures are involved in treating ischemic heart disease?

Balloon angioplasty, stenting, and bypass grafting.

What does balloon angioplasty involve?

Inflating a catheter-based balloon at the site of blockage.

What are the two types of stents used in coronary artery procedures?

Bare metal stents and drug-eluting stents.

What is the purpose of drug-eluting stents?

To release antiproliferative drugs that help prevent arterial narrowing.

What does coronary artery bypass surgery aim to achieve?

Bypass narrowings in heart arteries to restore blood flow.

What is the approach for on-pump CABG?

Uses a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.

What is a significant complication of coronary artery bypass surgery?

Stroke, arrhythmias, and infections.

What is the role of thrombolysis in treating ischemic stroke?

To break down the clot causing the blockage.

What are common symptoms of stroke?

Sudden weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, or severe headache.

What is the purpose of rehabilitation after a stroke?

To help regain independence and improve function.

What type of therapy focuses on daily living skills post-stroke?

Occupational Therapy.

What is the main focus of physical rehabilitation after a stroke?

Improving motor functions, balance, and coordination.

What are some cognitive rehabilitation strategies?

Therapy for memory, problem-solving, and attention.

What lifestyle changes are recommended to prevent ischemic heart disease?

Promoting a healthy lifestyle and addressing modifiable risk factors.

What is the main goal of stroke rehabilitation?

Help patients regain functional independence.

What is a common approach to promote healthy lifestyle choices?

Public health and education awareness campaigns.

What type of medication is typically discontinued during hemorrhagic stroke treatment?

Anticoagulants.

What is the role of supportive care in managing hemorrhagic stroke?

Monitoring vital signs and ensuring optimal blood pressure.

What is a common neurological assessment tool used for stroke diagnosis?

NIH stroke scale.

What is Cranial Computed Tomography (CT) used for in stroke assessment?

To visualize bleeding or ischemia in the brain.

How does degenerative vascular disease affect stroke risk?

It may lead to ruptured blood vessels or decreased blood flow.

Why is early treatment critical in ischemic stroke management?

It reduces the death of brain cells and improves outcomes.

What type of device may be used to improve breathing in stroke patients?

Mechanical ventilation in severe cases.

What is the significance of blood sugar monitoring post-stroke?

To maintain optimal levels for recovery.

What factors influence the choice of treatment for ischemic stroke?

Type of stroke, time since onset, and comorbidities.