A level Tudors essay plans

How successful was Henry VII in controlling the nobility?

•Finance:

- reversing Attainders

- bonds & recognisances, e.g 1507 Lord Burgavenny convicted of retaining, fined £70,000-> £5,000 over 10yrs & not set foot on family land SE

- used Council Learned in Law- feared

•Rebellions:

- 1486- Lovell & Stafford- S executed BUT L fled

- 1487- John de la Pole & L.S (mercenaries sent from Netherlands)- Pole killed & L.S work in royal kitchen

- 1501- Edmund de la Pole fled to Max. to overthrow H7/ alter succession- (no real threat as succession already secure) imprisoned in tower then executed by H8 1513

How successful was Henry VII in controlling the nobility?

•Rewards:

- patronage- diminished- H7 gained unused land & became wealthier- established power

•Limited Number:

- less titles meant less power struggles

- limited retaining- 1487 Act & 1504 retaining license

'As Henry VII looked to establish a strong government, his most effective tool was the development of the Privy Chamber.' Assess the validity of this view.

Privy Chamber:

- less people & more loyal- groom of Stool was head

- inner council- most trusted & implemented his will

- admin. crown income rather than Exchequer- increased to £42,000 per yr

Finance:

- increased ordinary revenue- increased crown lands- increased land rents (acts of attainder- lack of granting rent)

- exploited feudal dues

-BUT no new sources of income, unpopularity, JPs still unpaid, no standing army

'As Henry VII looked to establish a strong government, his most effective tool was the development of the Privy Chamber.' Assess the validity of this view.

Parliament:

- acts passed to give JPs more roles

- only 7

- Acts of attainder- control mobility & financial benefit

- grant taxes- extraordinary revenue

- first was Nov 1485- established H7's right to rule

- Acts of retaining- Burgavenny £70,000

Nobility:

- governed regions- Stanleys NW, Northumberland NE->1489 Surrey

- gentry & JPs maintained L&O- quarterly sessions & more responsibilities

- bonds & recognisances (2/3 nobility in 1500s)

- reduced from 62 to 42

'Henry VII's FP failed to achieve its objectives in the years 1485-1509.' How far do you agree?

•Secure succession:

- PW sought Fr backing to throne during Brittany- Treaty of Etaples- C8 withdrew support

- 1502- Treaty of Perpetual Peace

- Mary & Louis XII

- 1493- broke trade w/ Burgundy as Margaret supported PW

•Trade:

- 1485 & 89 navigation acts- only Eng ships to and from Eng ports- boosted shipbuilding & challenged Hanseatic league

- Merchant adventurers- cloth trade w/ Burg-Intercursus Magnus '96 could export to anywhere apart from Flanders

'Henry VII's FP failed to achieve its objectives in the years 1485-1509.' How far do you agree?

•Gain recognition:

- 1489 Treaty of Redon- alliance w/ Max failed- 1492 launched invasion-> Treaty of Etaples (50,000 crowns per year)

- 1496- Intercursus Magnus- ended trade embargo- Margaret recognises H7 as king

•National security:

- Treaty of Etaples improved Anglo-French relations

- 1508- League of Cambrai- HRE, Fr, Sp, Papacy

1495- James IV granted PW refuge & encouraged him to enter Eng w/ small army '96—> 1497 Treaty of Ayton peace

- 1502-04 Treaty of Perpetual Peace

'Henry VII's FP was driven by the need to preserve the Tudor dynasty.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Dynasty:

- Margaret of Burgundy support LS & John de ls Pole- mercenaries—> 1487 Battle of Stoke Field

- 1489 Medina deal Campo- neither Eng nor Sp harbour rebels/pretenders

- 1492 Treaty of Etaples

- 1495 PW & James IV—> 1497 Treaty of Ayton

- Treaty of Perpetual peace weakened threat of PW

•Trade:

- 1485&89 navigation acts- end dependency on foreign ships and leaders

- 1492 Treaty of Etaples- commercial relations

- merchant adventurers

- 1496- Intercursus Magnus

- 1506- Intercursus Malus- ended 3rd embargo BUT link to succession- marriage negotiations w/ Margaret of Savoy

'Henry VII's FP was driven by the need to preserve the Tudor dynasty.' Assess the validity of this view.

•National Security:

- crucial after WOTR

- Brittany campaign- Fr control meant increased threat to Eng

- Treaty of Etaples improved Anglo-French relations

- 1508- League of Cambrai- HRE, Fr, Sp, Papacy

1495- James IV granted PW refuge & encouraged him to enter Eng w/ small army '96—> 1497 Treaty of Ayton peace

- 1502-04 Treaty of Perpetual Peace

•Alliances/Succession:

- 1489 Medina del Campo

- 1502-04 Treaty of Perpetual peace

- arrangements for Mary to marry Louis XII

- never remarried- establishing good relations & protecting Tudor dynasty = more important

How far would you agree that rebellions against Henry VII were caused by local issues?

•Dynastic:

- 1486 Lovell & Stafford supporters of R3

- LS- pretended to be Earl of Warwick- stronger claim than H7- Margaret- mercenaries

- 1491-99 PW & Max, JIV, Margaret R3's sister, C8 & Earl of Desmond Ireland

•Economic:

- 1489 Yorkshire- Brittany campaign- £100,000 granted by parl; only £27,000 raised

- 1497 Cornish- parl asked for £60,000 in form of 2/15ths and 10ths- X3 more than any earlier amount asked by H7

How far would you agree that rebellions against Henry VII were caused by local issues?

•Local issues:

- Yorkshire- suffered from poor harvest & N didn't have to pay to protect against Scots

- Northumberland murdered to show social discontent

- regional divisions- mixed farming in S&E, pastoral farming in N- social discontent N envious of S

•Foreign Policy:

- LS rebellion in Ireland- allowed to rule independently under R3 & afraid this would change

- Yorkshire- Brittany

- Cornish- Scotland

'Henry VIII's actions as king destroyed Henry VII's legacy.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Financially:

- more expensive FP due to wars w/ Fr- capture Boulogne 1545 at cost of £2million

- improved- new form of income- dissolution of monasteries, amicable grant (although fail)

- Privy chamber more departmentalised

•Foreign Policy:

- continuity- 1510 Treaty of Etaples renewed

- BUT destroyed Anglo-French relations- 1513 invasion—> Therouanne & Tournai - Fr pension lost

- failed in making alliances- '17 Treaty of Cambrai; '43 Treaty of Greenwich- fails to marry Ed & MQS; '42 Hapsburgs CV doesn't attack Calais—> peace treaty w/ France in Crepy '44- H8 isolated

'Henry VIII's actions as king destroyed Henry VII's legacy.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Domestic stability:

- relatively stable under H7-> religious reformation changed this

- both suffered rebellions as a result of monarchical decisions which prioritised personal motives over societal needs

•Nobility:

- executed Empson & Dudley- less friction as Council Learned in Law responsible for B&R

- removed some bonds

- allowed nobility to influence him into claiming Fr

- JPs still existed and maintained L&O

To what extent was England's government fundamentally transformed in the years 1509-47?

•Ruling bodies:

-RC (80)—> PC(20): more confidential etc

- key advisors=humble origins & legally trained- increase in lawyers & bureaucrats

- King still head

- nobility still have some key roles

•Finance:

- departmentalised (1532->)

- more crown income due to monastic lands

- continued use of RC/PC to deal w/ royal finance

To what extent was England's government fundamentally transformed in the years 1509-47?

•Control over regions:

- increased L&O by abolishing sanctuary

- 1536 Act of Union- Wales under Eng legal & admin

- " Calais absorbed

- Council of North only reorganised under Russel

- JPs still in charge of L&O

•Parliament:

- statutes and importance increased

- less power to church- no abbots in HOL

- from 1529 cover new areas to facilitate BwR- '33 Act in restraint of appeals; '34 Royal supremacy & Treason act

- met more frequently

- role doesn't change & still need king

Did Henry VIII's ministers serve themselves or Henry VIII?

•Foreign policy:

- 1525 amicable grant to fund expensive warfare w/ Fr- failed didn't serve either

- 1518 treaty of London- avoided crusade & placed Eng at centre of European diplomacy- countries signed separate treaty w/ Eng

•Religion:

- 1534 Cromwell appointed vicegerent in spirituals- outranked archbishops & bishops

- 1535 valor ecclesiasticus

- 1537 Bishop's book—> 1543 King's book

Did Henry VIII's ministers serve themselves or Henry VIII?

•Government:

- wolsey reduced PC- increased admin efficiency but made him more in control

- 1526 Eltham Ordinances- reorganised finances, stimulated exports BUT increased prices- used my Wolsey to decrease influence of others and exert himself into gov

- patronage- served both

- Cromwell's changes- PC lawyers & bureaucrats & parl more important

•Society/economy:

- Star Chamber- promote civil law- Wolsey friend of poor (12-> 120 cases a year)

- Court of chancery- dealt w/ enclosures- "

- Cromwell established royal authority within regions: '36 Act of Union & Council of North

- abolished sanctuary and liberties & franchises in 1537

'Henry VIII's government was strengthened by its international position between 1534-47.' How far do you agree?

•International position:

- 1542 onwards Scot ruled by infant

- spent largely on military- 48,000 to Fr '44- capture Boulogne '45

- quite isolated- CV signs peace treaty w/ Fr

- BwR- no foreign influence & no influence from church- '34 Royal Supremacy

•Changes to government:

- parl more important- statutes more often than proclamation & decreased role of church (no abbots in HOL)

- better financial management: court of aug- land & finance formerly under church; first fruits and tenths- collected money prev sent to Rome; court of wards- money from minor

'Henry VIII's government was strengthened by its international position between 1534-47.' How far do you agree?

•Financial position:

- 1534 peters pence- stop Rome tax

- 1536-39 dissolution of monasteries

- 1546 Treaty of Ardes- renewal of Fr pension (kept Boulogne till '54)

•Advisers: (merge para w/ changes to gov)

- 1532-40 Cromwell: PC down to 20, professionally trained lawyers & bureaucrats, new breed of gov relied on King for titles and promotions—> strong gov

'Henry VIII's foreign policy failed to achieve its objectives.' How far do you agree?

•War/glory/territory:

- 1510 Treaty of etaples renewal—> 1512 10,000 to SW Fr- failed & used by Ferd. Navarre—> 1513 Battle of Spurs Therounne & Tournai- Fr pension lost

- 1513 Battle of Flod- didn't use to advantage

- by 1514 bankrupt-> battle of Flodden & marriage between Mary & Louis XII- short lived & marries Duke of Norfolk

•Religion:

- 1527 onwards- BwR- CV more concerned w/ Ottoman Turks to Christian Europe

- 1534 peters pence- not much collected but diminished Popes influence over clergy

'Henry VIII's foreign policy failed to achieve its objectives.' How far do you agree?

•Personal motives:

- divorce in 1527 formed weak alliance w/ CV to free Pope of CV influence- failed

- 1529 Cat refused to recognise Eng court & appealed to Pope to move to Rome

- 1533 act in restraint of appeals prevented Car to appeal to Pope seeking arbitration when divorce case came before courts

- secure succession- marriage to Anne of Cleeves- very short-lived

What were the motives behind religious change during the period 1533-1558

•Money:

- 1536-9 dissolution of monasteries

- 1534 peters pence, act of first fruits and tenths (clerical tax to king not pope)

- 1547 dissolution of chantries

- 1552 survey of wealth of bishops & senior clergy- £1,087,000 transferred some to crown

•Power

- 1534 royal supremacy, treason act, second act of annates (abbots & bishops appointed by king)

-1547 repealed treason act- people allowed to speak freely about religion

- 1553 repealed act of supremacy

- 1555 protestant burnings

What were the motives behind religious change during the period 1533-1558

•Divorce/personal reasons:

- 1533 act in restraint of appeals ( & secret birth, marriage to Anne)

- 1534 first act of succession

- arguably dissolutions- FP

•Doctrine:

- not hugely under H8- '36 10 articles contradicted by '39 6 articles

- 1549 act of uniformity- 10 articles but transubstantiation remained & BCP

- 1552 act of uniformity- BCP 2

- 1553&55 statutes of repeal

What were the consequences of religious changers during the period 1533-1558?

•Social impact:

- treason acts & heresy acts

- 1539-40 English bible proliferation- cheaper & easier to read

- 1543 act of advancement of true religion- restrictions on public reading of bible

- 1555 protestant burnings

•Cultural impact:

- 1538 royal injunctions- removal relics & have large Eng bible

- again in 1547

- pilgrimage banned- visitations then act of 10 articles

- 1549 paintings, images & saints removed, clerical marriage lawful

- 1552 popish vestments & music banned, communion tables instead of alters

- continuity- marriage & baptism

- under Mary relics etc couldn't be replaced

What were the consequences of religious changers during the period 1533-1558?

•Changes to religion

- act of 10 articles- only 3 sacraments-> bible & services in Eng-> act of 6 articles

- 1549&52 act of uniformity & BCP

- 1547 dissolution of chantries

- 1553 & 55 act of repeal- catholicism & restoration of mass & services

•Rebellion

- 1536 PofG- cause: dissolution of small monasteries & royal injunctions

- 1549 Western- cause: BCP- wanted to reverse religious reforms

- 1554 Wyatt's- cause: disapproval of Mary's Catholicism

'Henry VIII might have made himself Supreme Head of the Church, but he did little else to change the Church.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Support:

- 1539 6 articles reversed back to catholicism- restored all sacraments & transubstantiation

- 1543 kings book- largely conservative & counteracted bishops book

- hierarchy within church remained same & interior of church largely intact

'Henry VIII might have made himself Supreme Head of the Church, but he did little else to change the Church.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Challenge:

- 1539 6 articles- 4 sacraments given lower status & approved 10 articles only changed due to international pressures

- 1534 cromwell made vicegerent in spirituals

- 1536-39 dissolutions

- 1536 royal injunctions- against pilgrimage-> 1538 clergy who upheld pilgrimage & relics publicly recant

- royal visitations to reveal corruption of church

'Rebellions in the years 1536-1558 stemmed from local issues.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Local issues:

- 1549 Western- distrust between labourers & landowners

- 1549 Kett's- hatred of local gov officials & resentment against Norfolk foldcourse

- 1554 Wyatt's- cloth industry decline- e.g Kent- increased unemployment for poor rebels

•Religion:

- 1536 PofG- dissolution of small mon & royal injunctions

- Western-BCP want reverse religious reforms

- Wyatt's reversion back to Protestantism & object to Mary

'Rebellions in the years 1536-1558 stemmed from local issues.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Financial:

- PofG- North impoverished/ loss of mon

- Western- sheep tax

- Kett's- wanted somerset to act of proclamation against land enclosures

- Wyatt's- decline in cloth industry

•Political:

- PofG- resent Cromwell, Duke if Suffolk upon Lincolnshire, supporters of Cat so resented 1534 act of succession

- Wyatt's- xenophobia

'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a balanced response to twenty years of religious division.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Support:

- BCP- struck balance between meanings behind Eucharist- 'body' 'remembrance'

- Royal injunctions- no more altars destroyed & vestments can be worn

- supreme governor- less controversial- didn't strip as much power away from Pope but crown still remained head of church

- Act of uniformity- protestant communion tables from 1549 still used but catholic artefacts can be placed on them

- church organisation=same- AofC & bishops

'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a balanced response to twenty years of religious division.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Challenge:

- Puritan choir in parl- want to purge all catholicism resulting in more protestant prayer book

- pilgrimages=outlawed

- attendance at catholic mass rather than communion at CofE- serious offence—> anyone saying mass could face death penalty

'A state of crisis existed in England between 1540-1563.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Economic:

- inflation & debasement throughout- 1560 recoinage- prices didn't decrease

- role of nobility=undermined near end of H8; use of monopolies under El

- Kett's-enclosures, Wyatts-cloth trade

- 1563 trade embargo w/ Philip & Netherlands—> woollen cloth main export

- poor laws 1552,55,63

- 1558 book of rates- move to open up new trade routes and find new markets for English goods

•Social

- enclosures, rising vagrants, 1550s- bad harvests, growing population, more employment opportunities, religious changes

'A state of crisis existed in England between 1540-1563.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Religious:

- 1547 royal injunctions

-1549 Act of uniformity & BCP-> Western reb

- 1555 protestant burnings- Eng polarised

- 1560 El supreme governor- Church of Ireland too Catholic to control

- 1563 religious settlement- only puritans are an issue but never gain enough influence

'Religious changes in the years 1532-1558 enjoyed little popular support.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Support:

- dissolution of small mon & royal injunctions led to PofG

- royal visitations- parishes& mon shut down for heresy & abuse

- BCP led to Western

- 1547-53 increase in factional rivalry between conservatives & reformers e.g Dudley wanted more reform- looked to replace Somerset

- Wyatt's- want reversion back to reform

- Protestant burnings- became public martyrs e.g Cranmer 1556- Protestants who fled created anti-Catholic propaganda

'Religious changes in the years 1532-1558 enjoyed little popular support.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Challenge:

- dissolutions meant nobility could buy land from Crown

- 1549 Act of uniformity- congregation could be involved in communion

- 1555 Act of repeal- Pope supreme head- supported by all clergymen

- bulk of population didn't object to religious changes

'The main cause of rebellions in the years 1536-1558 was religious disagreements.' Assess the validity of this view.

use same factors as local issues rebellions question :)

'England's FP between the years 1558-1603 was mostly a series of disasters.' Assess the validity of this view

•Trade:

- minor disaster- '63 trade embargo w/ cloth trade- lasted 1yr & El banned imports till '64

- '62 Hawkins acquired slaves to trade for other goods- worsened relations w/ Sp

- '77-80 Drake raids Sp America 4000% profit

- '80s- wool markets in Protestant Amsterdam

- increased trade w/ Ottoman Empire; trade links w/ India & Russia established- wide range of luxury goods imported

•Succession & alliances:

- '71 Ridolfi plot failed- Burghley spymaster- evidence against Ridolfi, Norfolk & MQS

- '83 Thorckmorton & Babington plot failed- more evidence for valid execution of MQS- 1587 threat removed (but angered Sp)

- '86 2nd Treaty of Berwick- JVI successor

'England's FP between the years 1558-1603 was mostly a series of disasters.' Assess the validity of this view

•Religion:

- '60 Treaty of Berwick- support of LOC- no Fr troops and end of Auld alliance

- '62 Treaty of HC- aid Protestant Huguenots-El established as Protestant power (but they're defeated)

- aid Dutch rebels

- '70 excommunicated

- '85 Treaty of Nonsuch- 7,000 to Dutch rebels

•National security & Spain:

- claim Calais by taking over Le Havre-> '64 treaty of Troyes- lost; paid 120,000 crowns

- execution of MQS & treaty of Nonsuch

- defeat of Sp Armada- luck but also skill

To what extent was the execution of MQS in 1587 the key turning point in England's relationship with Spain in the years 1558-1603?

•MQS:

- Catholic- '69 rebellion of Northern earls- De Spes encouraged rebellion after MQS imprisoned

- already at war w/ Sp but gave further cause for invasion

- made JVI heir (Protestant)

- a cause of Sp armada

•Netherlands:

- unofficial support-dock in Eng ports & piracy

- Treaty of Nonsuch

- Netherlands are calvinist

- a cause of Sp Armada

To what extent was the execution of MQS in 1587 the key turning point in England's relationship with Spain in the years 1558-1603?

•Spanish Armada (1588):

- defeated mainly due to luck- Sp suffered great losses- decreased threat

- Drake attacks in '89-> 15,000 men 130 ships

- '96 2nd Armada- weather; Essex & Raleigh capture Cadiz- '97 attack again & 3rd Armada

- '01 4th Armada- land in Ireland- fail

•Other:

- 1563 & 64 trade embargos

- 1570 excommunication- a cause of Sp Armada

Is it true to say that by 1603 England was economically and socially more diverse?

•Trade and exportation:

- '62 Hawkins acquired slaves to trade for other goods- worsened relations w/ Sp

- '77-80 Drake raids Sp America 4000% profit

- '80s- wool markets in Protestant Amsterdam

- increased trade w/ Ottoman Empire; trade links w/ India & Russia established- wide range of luxury goods imported

- '85-87 Davis discovered separation of Greenland from US when sailed to Baffin's Bay- led to Hudson's discovery

Is it true to say that by 1603 England was economically and socially more diverse?

•Social hierarchy:

- poor unable to climb social ladder- consumer goods increase- work harder to stay in same position BUT more employment opportunities meant less suffering

- aristocratic domination

- policies towards deserving & undeserving poor remain the same

- PL acts 1597&1601- parish raise rates & admin poor relief & overseers relieve impotent poor

•Regions:

- more unified & peaceable than Fr/Sp & no standing army to enforce monarch's power

- rebellions: only 1 serious ('69); Irish ('69-82)- 3rd linked to Anglo-Sp wars (catholic)

- Irish & Welsh cultural differences BUT bible translated into Welsh

- no northern magnates- difficult for southern nobles to control north- council of N '72 under Earl Huntington puritan

To what extent did the plots and rebellions faced by the Crown during the reign of El pose a real threat to the stability of the Elizabethan state?

•Threats:

- 1569 Nothern earls

- 1571 Ridolfi plot- marriage conspiracy between Norfolk & MQS

- 1583 Throckmorton- planned for Fr&Sp to invade Eng and release MQS

•FP involvement:

- MQS kept in prison instead of executed- war prevented for a bit & El able to use marriage as diplomacy, e.g Archduke of Austria- kept good relations w/ Hapsburgs

- 1570 excommunication

- 1580 papal pronouncement on assassination of Queen

To what extent did the plots and rebellions faced by the Crown during the reign of El pose a real threat to the stability of the Elizabethan state?

•Domestic involvement:

- Throckmorton = Eng catholic

- Irish rebellions (1569-82)

- Northern earls- factional rivalry between Robert cecil and earl of essex- wanted to influence the Queen- sent to stop rebellion but joins to overthrow El instead

•Suppression:

- Burgley able to execute Norfolk for treason & as spymaster gathered evidence

- De Spes expelled from England

- JVI named successor then execution of MQS

- rebellion- 800 hanged & council of N reconstituted under puritan Huntington

'England was transformed both economically and socially in the last 20yrs of Elizabeth's reign.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Social hierarchy:

- poor unable to climb social ladder- consumer goods increase- work harder to stay in same position BUT more employment opportunities meant less suffering

- aristocratic domination

- policies towards deserving & undeserving poor remain the same

- PL acts 1597&1601- parish raise rates & admin poor relief & overseers relieve impotent poor

•Trade and exploration:

- '62 Hawkins acquired slaves to trade for other goods- worsened relations w/ Sp

- '77-80 Drake raids Sp America 4000% profit

- '80s- wool markets in Protestant Amsterdam

- increased trade w/ Ottoman Empire; trade links w/ India & Russia established- wide range of luxury goods imported

'England was transformed both economically and socially in the last 20yrs of Elizabeth's reign.' Assess the validity of this view.

•Regions:

- more unified & peaceable than Fr/Sp & no standing army to enforce monarch's power

- rebellions: only 1 serious ('69); Irish ('69-82)- 3rd linked to Anglo-Sp wars (catholic)

- Irish & Welsh cultural differences BUT bible translated into Welsh

- no northern magnates- difficult for southern nobles to control north- council of N '72 under Earl Huntington puritan

•extra points:

- expenditure on FP, prices still increase as population increases (4.1m by 1601), monopolies reduce competition although use reduced due to parl