Practice Test 1: Social Studies Review

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the Social Studies Practice Test 1, including historical events, economic theories, geographical features, and civics.

Roger Williams

A political and religious leader who strongly advocated for religious freedom and the separation of church and state.

Social contract

The belief that political and moral obligations exist between a government and its people, characterized by the idea that people have the right to revolt if the government fails to protect their natural rights.

European colonialism (19th century)

A wave of military invasions throughout the African continent led by Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.

Partition of India

The division of the British colony into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan following independence after World War II.

Trade triangle

A system of trade where Europe brought manufactured goods to Africa for slaves, and slaves were brought to the Americas in exchange for raw materials.

Sahel

A region along the southern border of the Sahara Desert that suffered desertification due to overpopulation, overgrazing, and deforestation.

Terrace farming

The process used by the ancient Incas to maximize land area by cultivating crops on the sides of hills and mountains.

Thomas Edison’s lightbulb

An invention of the Industrial Revolution that allowed factory workers to continue working at night, thereby increasing manufacturing production.

Thirteenth Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified in $1865$ that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

Articles of Confederation

The original constitution of the United States which lacked the central government's power to implement taxes and regulate trade.

Treaty of Ghent

The document signed by the United States and Great Britain to end the War of $1812$, restoring the status quo antebellum.

Sputnik

The first satellite launched into space by the Soviet Union, which triggered the Space Race with the United States.

Aral Sea desertification

The drying up of a once-prosperous freshwater lake caused by a Soviet Union irrigation system of canals and dams built in the $1960\text{s}$.

First-wave feminism

A social movement that began in Seneca Falls in $1848$, focusing on women's equality and the right to vote.

Yom Kippur War oil embargo

A crisis in $1973$ triggered by U.S. military support to Israel, leading OPEC to reduce petroleum production and establish an embargo on oil.

Cuneiform

The invention of writing in ancient Mesopotamia that marks the beginning of written history.

Ancient Rome

The civilization best known for developing complex aqueduct systems and irrigation to move water through bridges and canals.

Teotihuacán

The Mesoamerican civilization that built the Pyramid of the Sun.

Market economy

An economic type that supports advances in technology by encouraging innovation and competition among entrepreneurs.

Ethnic enclave

A subsection of a community, such as a barrio, where the population has a prominent ethnicity different from the surrounding area.

Archipelago

A group of islands or island chains, such as the Hawaiian Islands.

Anti-Federalists

A group that opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights and potentially gave too much power to the central government.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

The exploration of the new territory of the Louisiana Purchase ordered by Thomas Jefferson.

Russia

The country located at the geographic coordinates of $60^{\circ}N, 120^{\circ}E$.

Absolute advantage

An economic principle where a country specializes in producing and exporting goods they produce most efficiently to increase wealth.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act ($1890$)

The first federal law established to restrict monopolies and outlaw monopolistic business practices.

Schenck v. United States

A Supreme Court case establishing that speech creating a "clear and present danger" to society is not protected under the First Amendment.

Socialization

The process of understanding oneself and perception of societal norms through social interactions with others.

U.S. government irrigation projects

Large-scale investments in the American West to increase migration and help cultivate land for farming and agriculture during western expansion.

Voter turnout

The phenomenon where more people vote in presidential elections than in midterm, primary, or local elections.

Equilibrium quantity

A value that decreases when both supply and demand for a product decrease simultaneously.

Assembly line

A mass manufacturing process attributed to Henry Ford that significantly increased production and the rate of vehicle manufacturing.

Laissez-faire

An economic philosophy of non-interference by the government in the market, exercised by Presidents Harding and Coolidge in the $1920\text{s}$.

Mississippi River

A geographic feature that borders eastern Louisiana and has caused historic flooding throughout that state.

Due process

The legal principle advocated by Thomas Jefferson that suggests it is more dangerous to punish a person without the forms of law than to let them escape.

Bessemer steel process

A method used by Andrew Carnegie to mass-produce steel for the railroad industry during the American Industrial Revolution.

Judicial branch

The entity of the U.S. government responsible for interpreting laws and setting legal precedence.

Legislative branch power

The authority granted by Article $1$, Section $8$ of the Constitution giving Congress the power to declare war.

Cultural anthropology

The study of human cultures and societies, including folklore, linguistics, and ethnology.

Asia

The region of the world that had the highest population at the beginning of the $21\text{st}$ century, with over $3 \times 10^9$ people in $2000$.

Central planning

An economic strategy used by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II to ensure resources like steel, aluminum, and copper were available for the war effort.

Containment

A Cold War strategy used by the United States to stop the spread of communism and enlarge its sphere of influence.

Extensive farming

Agriculture where large land areas are cultivated using machinery and low inputs of resources rather than manual labor.

Coal power

A type of power generation that creates a significant amount of greenhouse gasses compared to nuclear, wind, or hydro power.

Socialist economy

A system where the government regulates the price of goods and services and controls production.

Manifest destiny

The belief that the westward expansion of the United States across the continent was preordained and justified.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A theory stating that students must achieve basic human needs (shelter, food, safety) before they can reach higher-level goals like self-actualization.

Andes

The longest continental mountain range in the world, stretching $4,300\text{ miles}$ through countries including Argentina and Chile.

Federalism

A government structure that combines a general government with regional state governments, dividing powers between the two.

Buddhism

An East Asian religion originating in northeast India that focuses on the Four Noble Truths and achieving nirvana.