Ling Speedrun Rev

Language vs Dialect

• Lang = broad standard system of communication with own grammar

• Dialect = Regional variation, with socio-political and ethnic factors

Mutual intelligibility (lang vs Dia diff)

• 2 varieties of the same language

• speakers of different dialects CAN understand each other, diff languages CANNOT

Linguistic Competence vs performance

• C - knowledge of lang rules

• P - this knowledge into action

Types of phonetics

• articulatory - speech production

• acoustic - speech transmission

• auditory - speech perception

Consonant chart - what are p/b examples of?

• oral stop/plosive

• bilabial

Consonant chart - what are t/d examples of?

• oral stop/plosive

• alveolar

Consonant chart - what are k/g examples of?

• oral stop/plosive

• Velar

Consonant chart - what is ʔ an example of? (glottal)

• oral stop/plosive

• glottal

consonant chart - what is m an example of?

• nasal stop

• bilabial (lips)

consonant chart - what is n an example of?

• nasal stop

• alveolar

consonant chart - what is ŋ (ng) an example of?

• nasal stop

• velar

Consonant chart - what are f/v examples of?

• fricative

• labiodental

Consonant chart - what are θ / ð (th-ink and th-is) examples of?

• fricatve

• inter-dental

consonant chart - what are s/z examples of?

• fricative

• alveolar

consonant chart - what are ʃ / ʒ (sh-oe/ s - television) examples of?

• fricative

• post-alveolar

consonant chart - what is h an example of?

• fricative

• glottal

consonant chart - what are ʧ / ʤ (ch-eese / J-une)

• affricate

• post-alveolar

consonant chart - what is w an example of?

• central approximant

• bilabial

consonant chart - what is ɹ (r- red/rock, american English)

• central approximant

• alveolar

consonant chart - what is j an example of (y-yes)?

• central approximant

• palatal

Describing vowels - articulation and mouth

• tongue height - high, close/low, open

• tongue backness - front, central, back)

• lip rounding - rounded, unrounded, spread

• tense and lax - long vowel (tense) or short vowel (lax)

Diphthong Vowels (Raising vs Centring)

• RP English = 8 diphthongs

Raising

• eɪ - face, pain

• aɪ - price, time

• ɔɪ - choice, voice

• əʊ - goat, home

• aʊ - mouth, loud

Centring

• ɪə - near, beard

• eə - square, care

• ʊə - poor, cure

Phonology - syllable types

• onset - vowel preceded by 1+ consonants = c-a-r

• nucleus

• coda - 1+ consonants after vowel = ea-r-s

phonemes and allophones

phoneme

• contrastive distribution (minimal pairs) = 2+ sounds occur in same phonetic enviroment and cause change in meaning when interchanged

• pat vs bat or lip vs lick

allophone

• complementary distribution = 2+ sounds (similar) never occur in same environment, use is mutually exclusive

• [h] and [ŋ] - behave differently (aspirated vs unaspirated)

Contrastive distribution - minimal pairs

[p] and [t]

• pan - tan

• pill - till

• spill - still

Morphology

• free vs bound

• roots, affixes = prefix/suffix/infix/circumfix

• allomorphs = lexical/phonologically conditioned