USF BSC2011L Final Spring 2025

Opisthokonts

include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists

fungi

group of eukaryotic, mainly multicellular organisms that are absorptive heterotrophs

absorptive heterotrophs

means they obtain energy from organic carbon by absorption

fruiting body

a sexually reproductive structure of a fungus which produce spores

Zygomycota

produce zygosporangia which produce the sexual zygospores

Ascomycota

produce asci which produce sexual ascospores

Basidiomycota

produce basidia which produce sexual basidiospores

zygomycota

bread molds, common molds

Basidiomycota

Grocery store mushroom

ascomycota

yeast

Mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationships between fungus and plant

lichens

Symbiotic relationship between fungi, green algae, or cyanobacteria.

Kingdom Animalia

monophyletic group called metazoa

Eumetazoa

have true tissues

parazoa

lack true tissues

Parazoa

Phylum Porifera = sponges

sponge water flow

goes through ostia to the spongocoel and out the osculum

Amoebocytes

digest and distribute food

spicule

provide structure and support

chanocyte

known as collar cells, captures food current and water current

Eumetazoa

phylum cnidaria and phylum ctenophora

Phylum Cnidaria

Clade Hydrozoa

Clade Scyphozoa

Clade Anthozoa

Clade Hydrozoa

Portuguese man-o-war

Clade Anthozoa

sea anemones and colonial coral

Clade Scyphozoa

Upside down jellyfish

Phylum Ctenophora

comb jellies

Lophtrochozoa and ecdysozoans

protostomes

difference between deuterostomes and protostomes is

what happens with the blastopore

Protostomes blastopore becomes

mouth

Deuterostome the blastopore becomes

anus

blastospore

the first opening to the body cavity

lophophore of a phoronid worm

Sedentary

trochophore larva

free living

Phylum Platyhelminthes

flatworms

class rabditophorans contains 3 clades of flatworms

turbellaria, cestoda, and trematoda

Turbellaria

only free living group, not parasitic

Trematoda

Parasitic flukes

Cestoda

parasitic tapeworm

scolex

head region of tapeworm

immature proglottid

Closest to head of tapeworm

mature proglottid

containing both the male and female sex organs

gravid proglottid

contains eggs

Phylum Syndermata

rotifers

Rofiters also known as wheel-bearers

get their name from their corona that looks like a rotating wheel

corona

propels animal through water and moves food into mouth

mastax

contains jaws for chewing up and grasping food particles

Phylum Brachiopoda

included in lophophorate clade and resemble clams

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) have two groups

errantia and sedentaria

Errantia

free living predators, clam worms

sedentaria

slow-moving lifestyle, earthworms

External Earthworm Anatomy

anterior, mouth, clitellum, anus and posterior end

earthworms are hermaphroditic meaning

they have both seminal vesicles and seminal receptables

Internal Earthworm Anatomy

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus, waste

Phylum Mollusca

every one will have three main body parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle

Muscualr foot

used for movement

Visceral mass

contains most internal organs

Mantle

drapes visceral mass and secretes the shell (if one present)

Class Polyplacophora

chitons

Class Gastropoda

includes snails and slugs and exhibit torsion

torsion

twisting of the organs within the shell

Class Cephalopoda

active marine predators, octopus, squid, and chambered nautilus. their tentacles are the modification of the feet

male squid

testies near cecum, soild top color

female squid

clear yellowlike top near cecum, ovary

Chromatophores

pigment cells that change the color of an organism, allowing it to camouflage

siphon

uses structure to help push water over gills, propel, and expel waste

label squid

internal squid anatomy

Class Bivalvia

important ecologically and comercially. clams, mussels, scallops, oysters

Phylum Ecdysozoa

Protostome, blastospore becomes mouth 1st

one of the major abilities ecdysozoas do is

ecdysis

ecdysis

molting or shedding of skin. allows them to grow , repair, regenerate limbs.

Phylum Arthropoda

5 subphylums: trilobita, chelicerata, arachnida, hexapoda, and nematoda

Subphylum Trilobita

includes trilobites, 2 appendages

Subphylum Chelicerata

pycnogonids (sea spiders), arachnids, horseshoe crabs

Chelicerata named for 1st pair of appendages

Chelicerae, used for feeding, closest to the mouth

Chelicerata body regions

cephalothorax and abdomen

Class Merostomata

horseshoe crabs

why do we use the horseshoe blood

helps us indicate any bacteria

whats the survival rate of horseshoe crab

30% live through it 10 to 20% die

Class Arachnida

spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Label 2

chelicerae

Label 1

pedipalps

Label 4

cephalothorax

Label 5

abdomen

Label 3

spinnerets

Subphylum Crustacea

shrimp, crab, crayfish, lobster, baracles, and isopods.

two tagmata

cheliped

the first pair of legs

carapace

shell covering the back (of a turtle, tortoise, crab, etc.)

what kind of circulatory system do crayfish have

open circulatory system

Crayfish Internal Anatomy

gills

feather, increase surface area

gastric mill

a grinding food structure

subphylum hexapoda

Class Insecta

class insecta

successful due to their small size, ability to fly, protective exoskeleton, reproductive fecundity, and metamorphic development style.

Insect external anatomy

-Head: feeding, sensory

-Thorax: locomotion

-Abdomen: digestion, reproduction

spiracles

used for breathing

Subphylum Myriapoda

Class Chilopoda (centipede)

Class Diplopoda (millipede)

Phylum Nematoda

roundworms

Echinodermata

deuterostomes

Phylum Echinodermata

5 classes